Comprehensive Overview of Power System Flexibility during the Scenario of High Penetration of Renewable Energy in Utility Grid

Abstract

Increased deployment of variable renewable energy (VRE) has posed significant challenges to ensure reliable power system operations. As VRE penetration increases beyond 80%, the power system will require long duration energy storage and flexibility. Detailed uncertainty analysis, identifying challenges, and opportunities to provide sufficient flexibility will help to achieve smooth operations of power system networks during the scenario of high share of VRE sources. Hence, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the power system flexibility (PSF). The intention of this review is to provide a wide spectrum of power system flexibility, PSF drivers, PSF resources, PSF provisions, methods used for assessment of flexibility and flexibility planning to the researchers, academicians, power system planners, and engineers working on the integration of VRE into the utility grid to achieve high share of these sources. More than 100 research papers on the basic concepts of PSF, drivers of the PSF, resources of PSF, requirement of the PSF, metrics used for assessment of the flexibility, methods and approaches used for measurement of flexibility level in network of the power system, and methods used for the PSF planning and flexibility provisions have been thoroughly reviewed and classified for quick reference considering different dimensions.

Optimal Controllers and Configurations of 100% PV and Energy Storage Systems for a Microgrid: The Case Study of a Small Town in Jordan

“…As stated in Section 1, optimally controlling the BESS normally shows significant increases in the reliability of the power system. Therefore, new metaheuristic optimization algorithms (GROM and PSO) have been used in this paper to improve the economic and energy performance of 100% PV and ESS systems for microgrids by solving the optimization problem in Equation (5). The optimal BESS controller based on GROM and PSO will aim to find the optimal operation plan of the BESS.…”

“…In general, the size of the PV system depends on different terms such as the scale of the project (small, medium, or large scale) and location. The impact of location on the PV system is related to the ambient conditions (temperature and solar radiation) which affect the efficiency of the PV system (energy production) [2,5]. In this section, the annual and monthly averaged values of global horizontal irradiance (GHI), direct normal irradiation (DNI), diffuse horizontal irradiation (DIF), and global tilted irradiation at an optimum angle (GTI) were downloaded from the solar energy database provided (SolarGIS website) [26].…”

“…The size of the PV system considering the different load demand scenarios is presented in Table 2. Equation ( 2) was used to calculate the size of the PV systems, Z PV in kW [5]:…”

“…In addition, there is a need to meet the growth in demand and develop a more cost-efficient energy system by motivating the consideration of new generation methods, in particular, distribution generation, renewable energy, and energy storage technologies [4]. The concerns of energy costs, climate change, and fossil fuel depletion have led many countries to move towards low-polluting Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as Photovoltaic (PV), which offer cost-effective and environmental friendliness options [4,5]. algorithm called the Golden Ratio Optimization Method (GROM) with the motivation of achieving the global solution within an efficient time for complex problems.…”

Stochastic Modeling of Renewable Energy Sources for Capacity Credit Evaluation

“…As the capacity of RE power generation-particularly variable RE such as solar and wind-has been increasing, dealing with the uncertainties associated with supply availability is one of the difficult tasks in power system planning and operation [19,[27][28][29][30][31]. Due to this availability issue, unsuitable RE integration or operations can lead to a decrease in system reliability or even lead to power outages.…”