Comprehensive MR angiography of the lower limbs: a hybrid dual-bolus approach including the pedal arteries

Gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography of the pedal arteries in patients with diabetes mellitus and comparison with selective intraarterial DSA

“…This can be done without restricting in-plane resolution with use of peripheral phased-array coil coverage that includes the feet down to the forefoot, and application of parallel imaging techniques. This allows access to the calf and pedal arteries in a continuous way and partial-volume artifacts may be decreased in slice direction [33]. With use of gadofosveset trisodium as contrast agent, the aorto-iliac, femoropopliteal, and proximal calf vessels should then be assessed with steady-state imaging, if the technical equipment allows for high-resolution imaging of each station within 5 min [18].…”

Management of peripheral arterial disease: Role of computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography

“…However, the timing of the last acquisition (infrapopliteal) is frequently in the late phase of contrast bolus progression leading to venous overlay and suboptimal visualization of infrapopliteal arteries [18]. Most team are presently using an hybrid technique combining a first series of consecutive acquisitions centered on the infrapoliteal arteries and feet with a single dose of gadolinium, followed by a stepping acquisition on the proximal arteries with a second contrast injection [19][20][21]. Finally, the last evolution of time-resolved imaging is based on the hypersampling of the central portion of the K-space to collect the contrast information of the image during the progression of the contrast bolus.…”

Effects of injection rate and dose on image quality in time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) by using 1.0M contrast agents

“…To get this information, new techniques with an alternated acquisition orientation are evaluated [21]. Today TR-CE-MRA still has a reduced spatial resolution compared to high spatial resolution MRA, but both temporal and spatial resolution have achieved a level that features diagnostic accuracy and sometimes can even depict small vessels in the distal calves or feet that were judged as occluded in the DSA exam [22,23].…”

“…There was an arterial signal without any venous signal over a long period, which can be described as a low maximum arterial signal (aS max ) but a large DW MRA . This injection scheme may be interesting for assessment of soft-tissue perfusion in inflammatory changes such as diabetic patients with chronic inflammatory changes in their lower extremities [23].…”