Comprehensive Mode Analysis and Optimal Design Methodology of a Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converter for E-Vehicles Applications

Effective Design Methodology of CLLC Resonant Converter Based on the Minimal Area Product of High-Frequency Transformer

“…Equivalent load of rectifier stage is resistor R ac , whose value is expressed by (9). Load current can be expressed by Formula (10) and equivalent resistance R ac by (11), where R 0 is the nominal load.…”

“…Moreover, especially for high-frequency applications, the converter design should include the influence of parasitic elements and eddy currents, wide voltage regulation capability, and possibilities of high efficiency and high power density. Numerous papers address the design methodology issue simultaneously with converter operation principle analyses [3,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The design process of resonant tanks usually comprises several parts: development of a mathematical model (equation formulation), selection of resonant tank parameters based on graphical operation characteristics, and, finally, resonant element fabrication (i.e., coils and/or transformer).…”

“…The main drawback of FHA analysis, which is a decrease in accuracy for a switching frequency significantly different from the resonant frequency, is compensated for by the concise form of the mathematical equations and the simplicity of their implementation. More complex models based on time domain analysis are also being developed [8,11,12], which enable determining operation characteristics more precisely. However, the equations have a complex form and need to be formulated for each possible state of the converter [16].…”

A GaN-based DC/DC converter for e-vehicles applications

“…Compared to the 12 V battery, the 48 V network can provide 4 times more power at the same current level, while remaining below the automotive HV threshold of 60 V, where the standards require the use of costly shielding, conduits and connectors that would increase the cost rapidly [3]. The 48 V system reliefs the 12 V grid on the one hand and/or avoids using additional costly isolated converters connected to the HV batteries on the other [2] [4]. Moreover, 12 V and 48 V electrical grids can co-exist for the foreseeable future.…”