IL17-dependent autoimmunity to Collagen type V (Col V) has been associated with lung transplant obliterative bronchiolitis. Unlike the Th-1-dependent immune responses to tetanus toxoid (TT), the Th17 response to Col V in lung transplant patients and its Th1/17 variant observed in coronary artery disease patients requires IL-1β, TNFα and CD14+ cells. Given the involvement of the P2X7R in monocyte IL-1β responses, we investigated its role in Th17, Th1/17, and Th1- mediated pro-inflammatory responses. Transfer of antigen-pulsed PBMC from Col V -reactive patients into SCID mouse footpads along with P2X7R antagonists revealed a selective inhibition of Col V-, but not TT -specific swelling responses. P2X7R inhibitors blocked IL-1β induction from monocytes, including both Col V-α1 peptide-induced (T-dependent), as well as native Col V induced (T-independent) responses. Significantly higher P2X7R expression was found on CXCR3negCCR4+/6+ CD4+ [Th17] vs. CXCR3+CCR4/6neg CD4+ [Th1] subsets in PBMC, suggesting that the paradigm of selective dependence on P2X7R might extend beyond Col V autoimmunity. Indeed, P2X7R inhibitors suppressed not only anti-Col V, but also Th1/17–mediated allo-immunity, in a heart transplant patient without affecting anti-viral EBV responses. These results suggest that agents targeting the P2X7R might effectively treat Th17-related transplant pathologies, while maintaining Th1-immunity to infection.