Comprehensive Insight and Advancements in Material Design for Electrocatalytic Ammonia Production Technologies: An Alternative Clean Energy

Abstract

Ammonia (NH3) stands out as a promising green energy carrier in the context of the world’s future energy demands. The current ammonia production heavily relies on the energy‐intensive Haber–Bosch (H–B) process, contributing significantly to worldwide energy consumption (1–2%) and escalating carbon dioxide emissions by 1.5%. In light of the environmental and economic concerns associated with the H–B process, alternative electrochemical reduction methods for nitrogen and its derivatives have emerged as viable paths toward green energy production. While substantial research progress has been made in recent years, the transition from laboratory‐scale investigations to industrial or commercial applications has been hindered by low efficiency and selectivity in electrocatalytic systems. Establishing a cohesive strategy to advance electrocatalysts for nitrogen and its derivatives electroreduction is crucial. This study delves into a fundamental understanding of materials engineering and the modulation of electrocatalysts for ammonia production. Drawing on insights from various foundational research efforts, the aim is to provide guidance for future research directions based on fundamental principles. This exploration seeks to propel the development of electrocatalysts, addressing the current challenges and steering research toward efficient and selective electrochemical reduction processes for sustainable ammonia production.