Comprehensive evaluation of municipal solid wastes and mixed feedstocks for commercial hydrothermal liquefaction in bio-refineries

Platform chemicals from hardwood black liquor via hydrothermal liquefaction: influence of process conditions on product yields and quality

“…59 In addition to the formation of hydrochars with lower HHVs, higher solid loading can also lead to other operational difficulties in slurry pumping and feeding, especially in continuous operation on a commercial scale. 60 It is worthwhile to note that CaCO 3 decomposes to CaO and CO 2 at 700 °C. 61 In the present study, a standard ASTM procedure is followed to determine the proximate composition of the samples, where the samples are heated up to 900 °C.…”

Characterization of Biocrude Produced by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Municipal Sewage Sludge in a 500 mL Batch Reactor

“…Therefore, the use of sewage sludge is convenient both to lower the economic impact of waste disposal in wastewater treatment plants and to increase the economic sustainability of the HTL process. The main bioconstituents of sewage sludge are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that under hydrothermal conditions are converted to bio-oils with high viscosity and relatively high levels of heteroatoms. − Studies on HTL of sewage sludges have been recently reviewed by Fan et al, reporting biocrude yield, HHV, and energy recovery values falling in the ranges of 10–50%, 27–75 MJ/kg, and 20–83%, respectively, as a function of the parent substrate, HTL operating conditions, and adopted catalyst . As an example, Thomsen et al applied the HTL process to sludge and wet wastes in a 20 mL batch reactor at different temperatures, also investigating the mixing of the different biomasses (fat, oil and grease, food waste, primary sludge, and secondary sludge) as feedstock .…”