Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis to Identify the Gene HMMR Associated With Lung Adenocarcinoma Prognosis and Its Mechanism of Action in Multiple Cancers

Abstract

BackgroundLung cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world, with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) as the most common pathological type. But studies on the predictive effect of a single gene on LUAD are limited. We aimed to discover new predictive markers for LUAD.MethodsDifferentially high-expressed genes at each stage were obtained from the TCGA and GTEx databases. The functions of these genes were investigated through GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses. Then, the key genes were selected by applying whole gene overall survival time. The expression of the key gene was studied in LUAD, and survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier mapper, followed by univariate and multifactorial COX analysis. Finally, the gene expression and its prognostic significance in the pan-cancer were examined.ResultsA total of 10,106 DEGs were obtained from the two datasets. The top 266 differentially upregulated genes intersected with the top 1,497 overall survival-related genes, and 87 key genes were identified. High-expressed HMMR was associated with a poor prognosis of LUAD. Univariate and multifactorial Cox analysis showed that HMMR was an independent prognostic factor for LUAD patients. A high HMMR expression was strongly associated with the overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) in 11 cancer types and with poorer OS, DSS, and PFI in 10 cancer types.ConclusionHMMR may be an independent prognostic indicator and an important biomarker in diagnosing and predicting the survival of LUAD patients. Also, HMMR may be a key predictor of a variety of cancers.

Significance of macrophage infiltration in the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients evaluated by scRNA and bulkRNA analysis

“…Based on cell-cluster-markers and TAMs-related-genes, TOP 8 genes (C1QTNF6, CCNB1, FSCN1, HMMR, KPNA2, PRC1, RRM2, and TK1) significantly associated with prognosis were obtained (Figure 2). These have obvious benefits to clinicians for the assessment of patient prognosis (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49). The same data were used to construct a risk score model containing 9 factors (C1QTNF6, FSCN1, KPNA2, GLI2, TYMS, BIRC3, RBBP7, KRT8, and GPR65) for prognostic evaluation (Figure 2) (50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55).…”

Guidelines on lung adenocarcinoma prognosis based on immuno-glycolysis-related genes

“…HMMR, also known as RHAMM/CD168, has a relatively non-negligible role in neurodevelopment, tissue homeostasis and cancer progression [71,72]. HMMR expression increases in many cancer types and is an important potential prognostic factor in cancers such as Glioblastoma, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [73][74][75].…”