Comprehensive Benefit/Cost Analysis of Utilizing PEV Parking Lots as Virtual Energy Storage for the Energy Supply Sustainability of Future Distribution Systems

Abstract

The proliferation of plug-in electric vehicles has led to increased public charging infrastructure in cities worldwide. Grid-connected parking lot spaces are the most common charging option due to their technological readiness and convenience of adoption. Since the batteries aggregated by parking lots can be regarded as virtual energy storage, grid-connected parking lots are expected to provide many benefits to the urban distribution grid. This paper proposes a comprehensive methodological framework to evaluate the potential benefits and costs of utilizing grid-connected parking lot infrastructures to promote energy supply sustainability in future power distribution grids. Capacity-value-based and cost-effectiveness indexes are developed, which quantify the potential contribution of parking lots to power supply reliability and the associated economic implications. To realistically describe the available generation capacity of parking lot resources, a comprehensive model is presented, which explicitly considers the impact of external stimuli (incentive rates) on the behavioral patterns of lot users. Vehicle user responsiveness to incentive grades is derived from social field surveys. To conduct the evaluation, a hybrid algorithm based on Monte Carlo simulations is employed. The proposed methodology is illustrated on a real distribution grid in Beijing. The results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed approach and support practical policy suggestions.

V2G Multi-Objective Dispatching Optimization Strategy Based on User Behavior Model

“…On the other hand, EVs can be used as distributed power sources to provide power in the opposite direction to the grid, play the role of peak shaving and valley filling as auxiliary services, i.e., frequency modulation and backup energy storage. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology embraces the two aforementioned purposes as one:a technology that enables energy to be pushed back to the power grid from the battery of EVs (Soares et al, 2016;Wei and Li, 2017;Xing et al, 2021;Xue et al, 2021;Zeng et al, 2021). According to the report "Research on the Potential and Economics of Electric Vehicle Energy Storage Technology" issued by the National Development and Reform Commission's Energy Research Institute, China's electric vehicle ownership will exceed 80 million in 2030, and the theoretical energy storage potential of V2G will exceed 5000 GWh (Jian, 2020).…”