Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic implication and immune infiltration of CISD2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Abstract

BackgroundDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common B-cell lymphoma in adults. CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) is an iron–sulfur protein and plays a critical role of cell proliferation. The aberrant expression of CISD2 is associated with the progression of multiple cancers. However, its role in DLBCL remains unclear.MethodsThe differential expression of CISD2 was identified via public databases, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to identifed the expression of CISD2. We estimated the impact of CISD2 on clinical prognosis using the Kaplan-Meier plotter. Meanwhile, the drug sensitivity of CISD2 was assessed using CellMiner database. The 100 CISD2-related genes from STRING obtained and analyzed using the LASSO Cox regression. A CISD2 related signature for risk model (CISD2Risk) was established. The PPI network of CISD2Risk was performed, and functional enrichment was conducted through the DAVID database. The impacts of CISD2Risk on clinical features were analyzed. ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, and MCP-counter algorithm were used to identify CISD2Risk associated with immune infiltration. Subsequently, Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were applied, and a prognostic nomogram, accompanied by a calibration curve, was constructed to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-years survival probabilities.ResultsCISD2 was upregulated in DLBCL patients comparing with normal controls via public datasets, similarly, CISD2 was highly expressed in DLBCL cell lines. Overexpression of CISD2 was associated with poor prognosis in DLBCL patients based on the GSE31312, the GSE32918, and GSE93984 datasets (P<0.05). Nine drugs was considered as a potential therapeutic agents for CISD2. By using the LASSO cox regression, twenty seven genes were identified to construct CISD2Risk, and biological functions of these genes might be involved in apoptosis and P53 signaling pathway. The high CISD2Risk value had a worse prognosis and therapeutic effect (P<0.05). The higher stromal score, immune score, and ESTIMATE score were associated with lowe CISD2Risk value, CISD2Risk was negatively correlated with several immune infiltrating cells (macrophages M0 and M1, CD8 T cells, CD4 naïve T cells, NK cell, etc) that might be correlated with better prognosis. Additionally, The high CISD2Risk was identified as an independent prognostic factor for DLBCL patients using both univariate and multivariate Cox regression. The nomogram produced accurate predictions and the calibration curves were in good agreement.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that high expression of CISD2 in DLBCL patients is associated with poor prognosis. We have successfully constructed and validated a good prognostic prediction and efficacy monitoring for CISD2Risk that included 27 genes. Meanwhile, CISD2Risk may be a promising evaluator for immune infiltration and serve as a reference for clinical decision-making in DLBCL patients.

Macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles for the treatment of infectious diseases

“…Moreover, C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2), CCR4, CCR7, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and INF-γ receptor (IFN-γR) are upregulated on the M1 macrophage membrane, thereby exhibiting superior absorption of specific chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, such as C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL7, CCL17, CCL19, CCL21, CCL22, IL-6 and IFN-γ [57][58][59][60]. As infection is effectively restrained, M0 and M1 macrophages are polarized toward the M2 phenotype for immunosuppression and tissue repair [61]. Interestingly, M2 macrophages exhibit greater expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 than M1 macrophages, therefore M2 macrophage M-NPs accelerate pathogen clearance and reduce widespread infection (table 1) [62].…”