Comprehensive Analysis of the <i>Alternaria</i> Mycobolome Using Mass Spectrometry Based Metabolomics

Gotthardt, Marina; Kanawati, Basem; Schmidt, Frank; Asam, Stefan; Hammerl, Richard; Frank, Oliver; Hofmann, Thomas; Schmitt‐Kopplin, Philippe; Rychlik, Michael

doi:10.1002/mnfr.201900558

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Geyer (Renningen, Germany), all in analytical grade. Analytical standards for AOH, AME, ATXI, ATXII, STTXIII, ALTP, AOH-3-G, AOH-9-G and AME-3-G were isolated from fungal culture or synthesised at our chair as described previously (Gotthardt et al 2020 ; Liu and Rychlik 2015 ; Scheibenzuber et al 2020 ). TEN, ALT and TeA were bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and AOH-3-S and AME-3-S were isolated out of rice cultures of Alternaria alternata , as described in the following section.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of 13 Alternaria mycotoxins including modified forms in beer

et al. 2021

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A multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify 13 free and modified Alternaria toxins in different beer types by applying a combination of stable-isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) and matrix-matched calibration. With limits of detection (LODs) between 0.03 µg/L (alternariol monomethyl ether, AME) and 5.48 µg/L (altenuene, ALT), limits of quantitation (LOQs) between 0.09 µg/L (AME) and 16.24 µg/L (ALT), and recoveries between 72 and 113%, we obtained a sensitive and reliable method, which also covers the emerging toxins alternariol-3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), alternariol-9-glucoside (AOH-9-G), alternariol monomethyl ether-3-glucoside (AME-3-G) and alternariol-3-sulfate (AOH-3-S) and alternariol monomethylether-3-sulfate (AME-3-S). Furthermore, 50 different beer samples were analyzed, showing no contamination with Alternaria toxins apart from tenuazonic acid (TeA) in concentrations between 0.69 µg/L and 16.5 µg/L. According to this study, the exposure towards TeA through beer consumption can be considered as relatively low, as the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) value of 1500 ng/kg body weight per day might not be reached when consuming reasonable amounts of beer.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of 13 Alternaria mycotoxins including modified forms in beer

et al. 2021

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“…Trichoderma atroviride (isolate SZMC 20780) was kindly provided by Laszlo Kredics (University of Szeged, Hungary). Fungal strains were grown in liquid malt medium (3% malt extract, 0.3% peptone) or synthetic liquid medium (Gotthardt et al ., 2020) at 25°C on a 70 rpm shaker for 7–10 d. Fungal mycelium was washed thoroughly with distilled water, then lyophilized and ground.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinase MIK2 is a crucial component of early immune responses to a fungal‐derived elicitor

et al. 2020

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Summary Fusarium spp. cause severe economic damage in many crops, exemplified by Panama disease of banana or Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plants sense immunogenic patterns (termed elicitors) at the cell surface to initiate pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI). Knowledge of fungal elicitors and corresponding plant immune‐signaling is incomplete but could yield valuable sources of resistance. We characterized Arabidopsis thaliana PTI responses to a peptide elicitor fraction present in several Fusarium spp. and employed a forward‐genetic screen using plants containing a cytosolic calcium reporter to isolate fusarium elicitor reduced elicitation (fere) mutants. We mapped the causal mutation in fere1 to the leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinase MDIS1‐INTERACTING RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) and confirmed a crucial role of MIK2 in fungal elicitor perception. MIK2‐dependent elicitor responses depend on known signaling components and transfer of AtMIK2 is sufficient to confer elicitor sensitivity to Nicotiana benthamiana. Arabidopsis senses Fusarium elicitors by a novel receptor complex at the cell surface that feeds into common PTI pathways. These data increase mechanistic understanding of PTI to Fusarium and place MIK2 at a central position in Arabidopsis elicitor responses.

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“…Aflatoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), are the most studied group of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus [ 12 , 13 ]. Alternaria fungi contaminate a wide variety of food items, such as cereals, fruits, wheat, barley, and sorghum, producing several toxins, with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), tenuazonic acid (TeA), altenuene (ALT), and altertoxins (ATXs) being the most relevant ones [ 14 , 15 ]. The effects of mycotoxins on cell functions are listed in Table 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Tran

Viktorová

Ruml

2020

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The determination of mycotoxins content in food is not sufficient for the prediction of their potential in vivo cytotoxicity because it does not reflect their bioavailability and mutual interactions within complex matrices, which may significantly alter the toxic effects. Moreover, many mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and metabolization during the intestinal absorption process. Biotransformation is predominantly the conversion of mycotoxins meditated by cytochrome P450 and other enzymes. This should transform the toxins to nontoxic metabolites but it may possibly result in unexpectedly high toxicity. Therefore, the verification of biotransformation and bioavailability provides valuable information to correctly interpret occurrence data and biomonitoring results. Among all of the methods available, the in vitro models using monolayer formed by epithelial cells from the human colon (Caco-2 cell) have been extensively used for evaluating the permeability, bioavailability, intestinal transport, and metabolism of toxic and biologically active compounds. Here, the strengths and limitations of both in vivo and in vitro techniques used to determine bioavailability are reviewed, along with current detailed data about biotransformation of mycotoxins. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of mycotoxin effects is also discussed regarding the disorder of intestinal barrier integrity induced by mycotoxins.

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Comprehensive Analysis of the Alternaria Mycobolome Using Mass Spectrometry Based Metabolomics

Cited by 30 publications

References 106 publications

Analysis of 13 Alternaria mycotoxins including modified forms in beer

Analysis of 13 Alternaria mycotoxins including modified forms in beer

The Arabidopsis leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinase MIK2 is a crucial component of early immune responses to a fungal‐derived elicitor

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

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