Comprehensive Analysis of CD163 as a Prognostic Biomarker and Associated with Immune Infiltration in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Abstract

Background. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignancy in adults with high aggression. The prognosis of GBM patients is poor. There is a critical need for novel biomarkers for the prognosis and therapy of GBM. Methods. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GBM were screened using TCGA cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed on DEGs to identify the optimal prognosis-related genes. qRT-PCR was performed to verify the result. Results. A total of 5216 DEGs, including 2785 upregulated and 2458 downregulated genes, were obtained. Enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle, immune response, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, the top 50 DEGs were associated with drug resistance or drug sensitivity. Prognosis analysis revealed that GBM patients with a high expression of CD163 and CHI3L2 had a poor overall survival, prognosis-free survival, and disease-specific survival. The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that CD163 and age were independent factors affecting the prognosis of GBM patients. A validation study revealed that CD163 was upregulated in GBM tissues and associated with poor overall survival. Moreover, further analysis revealed that CD163 showed significant correlation with immune cells, immune biomarkers, chemokines, and chemokine receptors. We also identified several CD163-associated kinase, miRNA, and transcription factor targets in GBM, including LCK, miR-483, and ELF1. Conclusions. In conclusion, our study suggested CD163 as a prognostic biomarker and associated it with immune infiltration in GBM.

Revealing the biology behind MRI signatures in high grade glioma

“…The VCAM1 pathway members CLDN5, CLDDN23, and PLCG2 work with VCAM1 to signal immune cell transmigration ( 48, 49 ). Consistent with our deconvolution results, CD163 indicates the presence of anti-inflammatory macrophages that have been polarized by IL10 and IL10RA ( 50, 51 ) and TREM2 suggests that microglia are also present ( 52 ). Together, these macrophages and microglia constitute glioma-associated macrophages/microglia (GAMs).…”

Immunological and Prognostic Role of Cell Differentiation Trajectory Defined Gene Signature in Glioma

“…The expression of macrophage-related immune checkpoints among trajectories was consistent with the immune/stromal scores and the distribution of macrophages among molecular subtypes. These particular immune checkpoints included the iconic M2 receptors CD206 and CD163 [50][51][52][53] ; CD47-SIRPα, which were functioning as ligand-receptor pairs that transmit phagocytosis signals of macrophages 54,55 ; LILBRs family members of LILRB1, ILLRB2, and LILRB4, who directly expressed on the surface of tumor cells and stimulated tumor cells growth by combining with MHC-56,57 .…”

In Silico Analysis of the Correlation of KIF2C with Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in Glioma

“…For example, LRRK2 correlates with macrophage infiltration in GBM [ 37 ]. Meanwhile, CD163 was also associated with immune infiltration in glioblastoma multiforme [ 38 ]. Moreover, a recent study showed TUBA1C expression was positively related to infiltration levels of multiple immune cells, such as CD8 T+ cells and neutrophils [ 39 ].…”