Comprehensive advances in the synthesis, fluorescence mechanism and multifunctional applications of red-emitting carbon nanomaterials

Abstract

Red emitting fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have drawn significant scientific interest in recent years due to their high quantum yield, water-dispersed, photostability, biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, low cost and eco-friendliness....

Biofilm Inhibition on Medical Devices and Implants Using Carbon Dots: An Updated Review

“…Titanium-, gold-, silver-, and copper-based nanoparticles have been widely analyzed for antibacterial and antibiofilm effectiveness . These metal-oxide nanoparticles enter the cell mostly via electrostatic attraction, accumulate, and lead to ROS generation causing cell membrane disruption, protein photo-oxidation, and inhibition of enzyme activity and generating superoxide radicals. − Though metal nanoparticles of gold, silver, titanium oxide, and zinc oxide have shown good antimicrobial properties, concerns about their biocompatibility , have limited their use, and carbon-based nanomaterials are being greatly explored. , After the accidental discovery of CDs in 2004, these minuscule particles have gained considerable attention because of their superior optical properties, photostability, aqueous solubility, and biocompatibility. ,− CDs are zero-dimensional quantum dots with a size below 10 nm comprising a carbon core and a surface passivation layer. The carbon in the core structure is either sp 2 or sp 3 hybridized carbon.…”

“…77−79 Though metal nanoparticles of gold, silver, titanium oxide, and zinc oxide have shown good antimicrobial properties, concerns about their biocompatibility 80,81 have limited their use, and carbon-based nanomaterials are being greatly explored. 82,83 After the accidental discovery of CDs in 2004, these minuscule particles have gained considerable attention because of their superior optical properties, photostability, aqueous solubility, and biocompatibility. 69,77−79 CDs are zero-dimensional quantum dots with a size below 10 nm comprising a carbon core and a surface passivation layer.…”

“…The antimicrobial efficiency of CDs or any nanomaterial is dependent on the exposed functional groups on the nanoparticle surface (Figure ). Therefore, the precursor used in synthesis and the mode of synthesis decide the biological and optical functional properties of CDs, so determination of the exact mechanism behind antimicrobial activity or biofilm inhibition is difficult. ,,, However, interaction/binding between the functional group on the CD surface and the microbial surface is known to be the basic mechanism. For instance, Bing et al studied the inhibitory effect of CDs on E. coli , wherein they observed that the ammonium ions on the positively charged CD surface bind to the carboxyl and phosphate groups present on E. coli cell wall, thereby promoting the internalization of CDs.…”