Compounds from diverse natural origin against triple‐negative breast cancer: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is caused due to the lack of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression. Triple‐negative breast cancer is the most aggressive heterogeneous disease that is capable of producing different clones and mutations. Tumorigenesis in TNBC is caused due to the mutation or overexpression of tumor suppressor genes. It is also associated with mutations in the BRCA gene which is linked to hereditary breast cancer. In addition, PARP proteins and checkpoint proteins also play a crucial function in causing TNBC. Many cell signaling pathways are dysregulated in TNBC. Even though chemotherapy and immunotherapy are good options for TNBC treatment, the response rates are still low in general. Many phytochemicals that are derived from natural compounds have shown very good inhibitions for TNBC. Natural compounds have the great advantage of being less toxic, having lesser side effects, and being easily available. The secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids in natural products make them promising inhibitors of TNBC. Their compositions also offer vital insights into inhibitory action, which could lead to new cancer‐fighting strategies. This review can help in understanding how naturally occurring substances and medicinal herbs decrease specific tumors and pave the way for the development of novel and extremely efficient antitumor therapies.

The therapeutic potential of natural metabolites in targeting endocrine-independent HER-2-negative breast cancer

“…The main groups of secondary metabolites reported to have anticancer properties in endocrine-independent HER-2-negative breast cancer are phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids ( Raman et al, 2018 ; Ding et al, 2020 ; Lee et al, 2020 ; Mazzei et al, 2020 ; Maungchanburi et al, 2021 ; Noh et al, 2021 ; Lin et al, 2022 ; Qi et al, 2022 ; Sancha et al, 2022 ; Youssef et al, 2022 ; Thilagavathi et al, 2023 ). Phenolics include simple phenols (phenolic acids and coumarins) and polyphenols (flavonoids and non-flavonoids such as tannins, lignans, and stilbenes).…”

“…Phenolics include simple phenols (phenolic acids and coumarins) and polyphenols (flavonoids and non-flavonoids such as tannins, lignans, and stilbenes). Examples of alkaloids, low-molecular-weight nitrogenous metabolites, are atropine, caffeine, capsaicin, cocaine, daturin, hiosciamin, lysergic acid, nicotine, strychnine, quinine ( Alamgir, 2018 ; Thilagavathi et al, 2023 ). Terpenoids or terpenes, the major metabolites of essential oils, are classified as hemiterpenes (C5), monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (C30), and tetraterpenes/carotenoids.…”

“…Terpenoids or terpenes, the major metabolites of essential oils, are classified as hemiterpenes (C5), monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (C30), and tetraterpenes/carotenoids. This group of secondary metabolites includes aromatic oils, carotenoids, resins, steroids, waxes, and others ( Alamgir, 2018 ; Thilagavathi et al, 2023 ).…”

Recent biological applications of heterocyclic hybrids containing s-triazine scaffold

“… 43,44 Cancer is not just caused by genetic factors but also by other carcinogenic environmental factors. 45 Some of the recently reported molecules are summarized in Table 1 that have the potential to inhibit the enzymes responsible for cancer and can control angiogenesis.…”

The Use of Schisandrin B to Combat Triple-Negative Breast Cancers by Inhibiting NLRP3-Induced Interleukin-1β Production

“…In recent years, studies have begun investigating the potential of herbal compounds in TNBC treatment [6]. Natural compounds have the advantage of being less toxic and having fewer side effects on patients.…”