Compound- and fiber type-selective requirement of AMPKγ3 for insulin-independent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle

Abstract

Objective: The metabolic master-switch AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates insulin-independent glucose uptake in muscle and regulates the metabolic activity of brown and beige adipose tissue (BAT). The regulatory AMPKγ3 isoform is uniquely expressed in skeletal muscle and also potentially in BAT. Here, we investigated the role that AMPKγ3 plays in mediating skeletal muscle glucose uptake and whole-body glucose clearance in response to small-molecule activators that act on AMPK via distinct mechanisms. We also assessed if γ3 plays a role in adipose thermogenesis and browning. Methods: Global AMPKγ3 knockout (KO) mice were generated. A systematic whole-body, tissue and molecular phenotyping linked to glucose homeostasis was performed in γ3 KO and wild type (WT) mice. Glucose uptake in glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscle ex vivo, as well as blood glucose clearance in response to small molecule AMPK activators that target nucleotide-binding domain of γ subunit (AICAR) and allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site located at the interface of the α and β subunit (991, MK-8722) were assessed. Oxygen consumption, thermography, and molecular phenotyping with a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist (CL-316,243) treatment were performed to assess BAT thermogenesis, characteristics and function. Results: Genetic ablation of γ3 did not affect body weight, body composition, physical activity, and parameters associated with glucose homeostasis under chow or high fat diet. γ3 deficiency had no effect on fiber-type composition, mitochondrial content and integrity, or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Glycolytic muscles in γ3 KO mice showed a partial loss of AMPKα2 activity, which was associated with reduced levels of AMPKα2 and β2 subunit isoforms. Notably, γ3 deficiency resulted in a selective loss of AICAR-, but not MK-8722-induced blood glucose lowering in vivo and glucose uptake specifically in glycolytic muscles ex vivo. We detected γ3 in BAT and found that it preferentially interacts with α2 and β2. We observed no differences in oxygen consumption, thermogenesis, morphology of BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), or markers of BAT activity between WT and γ3 KO mice. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that γ3 plays a key role in mediating AICAR- but not ADaM site binding drug-stimulated blood glucose clearance and glucose uptake specifically in glycolytic skeletal muscle. We also showed that γ3 is dispensable for thermogenesis and browning of iWAT.

Investigation of the specificity and mechanism of action of the ULK1/AMPK inhibitor SBI-0206965

“…Mice were anesthetised by avertin (as described above) via intraperitoneal injection, and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was rapidly dissected and mounted in oxygenated (95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 ) and warmed (30°C) Krebs-Ringer buffer in a myograph system (820MS, Danish Myo Technology) as described [ 27 , 45 ]. The muscles were incubated in the presence of the indicated compounds or vehicle (0.1% DMSO) for 50 min before snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen.…”

“…Nucleotides and ZMP were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from perchlorate extracts of mouse primary hepatocytes, C2C12 myotubes, and mouse EDL muscle tissues as described [32,45]. Adenylate energy charge was calculated as (ATP + 0.5 ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP).…”