Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation – A review

Anand, Chirjiv Kaur; Apul, Defne

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.006

Cited by 94 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Compost toilets are now commercially available with different types of design: being self-contained or centralized, having single or multiple chamber tanks, being waterbased (slurries being treated off-site) or dehydrated (slurries being treated on site), collecting urine separately or collecting urine and feces together, being operated electrically or manually, or being installed in single or multi-storied buildings according to the users' needs (Anand and Apul, 2014). For most waterless toilets, vertical channels should be used to let materials drop down into recipient by gravity.…”

Section: Waterless Toiletmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two main types Table 1 The basic information of different toilets (Berger, 2009;Anand and Apul, 2014 …”

Section: Storage and Primary Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of wastewater sources, some studies focused on urine application (Guzha et al, 2005), urine treatment (Wilsenach et al, 2007), composting of feces (Magri et al, 2013), and co-composting of feces and kitchen waste (Niwagaba et al, 2009c); in terms of performances, some studies focused on economic feasibility (von Munch and Mayumbelo, 2007), technical feasibility (Lehtoranta et al, 2014), and environmental or social impacts (Lehtoranta et al, 2014;Malekpour et al, 2013). In terms of treatment process, previous studies mainly stressed different styles of toilet (Anand and Apul, 2014), the source-separation collection of the domestic wastewater (Bdour et al, 2009), the treatment technologies of different wastewater (black water, yellow water, brown water and gray water) (Mo and Zhang, 2013), and the acceptability of society, human and managers. The spatial scale used to be selected at one house or building (Benetto et al, 2009), one school (Werner et al, 2009), one village or colony.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Fan

Wang

et al. 2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

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a b s t r a c tWastewater often contains valuable resources (e.g. organic matter and nutrients). Different from conventional sanitation approaches, the ecological sanitation (Eco-San) system is based on the closure of material flow cycles to recover resources with minimized demands on other resources. The review comprehensively summarized the main components of the Eco-San system (user interface, collection and conveyance, storage and primary treatment, and reuse/disposal), the frequently-used evaluation methods, and the framework of evaluation index system. Some typical practical cases were discussed to demonstrate the managerial implications and popularize the applications of the Eco-San system. The results show that the Eco-San systems are beneficial to resource efficiency, agricultural use of the organic matters and nutrients, and energy recovery although some shortages exist (e.g. high cost, cultural constraints, and complex operation and management). The evaluation methods can help to identify the restriction factors, contributing factors and measures to improve the efficiency of the future Eco-San system. The setting, selection and quantification are three critical steps when using the evaluation indices to complete the evaluation process. This study not only provides the methods for both developing novel Eco-San systems (combinations of the components) and improving the Eco-San systems (evaluation of the combinations) to solve the wastewater problem in rural areas. Considering the challenges or limitations in the Eco-San research, the recommendations for future research may mainly focus on the combination of different components, methods for sustainability assessment, quantification of the evaluation index, and implementation of more real Eco-San cases.

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Section: Waterless Toiletmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two main types Table 1 The basic information of different toilets (Berger, 2009;Anand and Apul, 2014 …”

Section: Storage and Primary Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Fan

Wang

et al. 2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…In the face of these wide-ranging challenges, the need for a more sustainable approach to sanitation is increasingly recognized [49,50], which must address economic, social, technical, institutional, environment and natural resource dimensions in an integrated way. Sustainable sanitation is not a single technology or specific limited sanitation system design, but rather an approach where a broad set of criteria needs to be taken into consideration in order to achieve universal and equitable access to services over the long-term in a particular context.…”

Section: Sustainable Sanitation a Catalyst For Urban Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards “Sustainable” Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas

2016

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While sanitation is fundamental for health and wellbeing, cities of all sizes face growing challenges in providing safe, affordable and functional sanitation systems that are also sustainable. Factors such as limited political will, inadequate technical, financial and institutional capacities and failure to integrate safe sanitation systems into broader urban development have led to a persistence of unsustainable systems and missed opportunities to tackle overlapping and interacting urban challenges. This paper reviews challenges associated with providing sanitation systems in urban areas and explores ways to promote sustainable sanitation in cities. It focuses on opportunities to stimulate sustainable sanitation approaches from a resource recovery perspective, generating added value to society while protecting human and ecosystem health. We show how, if integrated within urban development, sustainable sanitation has great potential to catalyse action and contribute to multiple sustainable development goals.

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“…Otra de las ventajas es el compostaje in situ y el tratamiento de aguas grises que tienen menos impacto en el ambiente. Por otro lado, contribuye con el desarrollo de viviendas que incluyen las consideraciones ambientales y sociales en pro de la sustentabilidad (Chirjiv y Defne 2014).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Impacto De Los Atributos Determinantes De Un Sanitario Seco Urbano en La Aceptación Del Consumidor

Lagos

García

Hernández

2017

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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Palabras clave: baños secos, factores de decisión para la compra, ahorro de agua RESUMEN En México el sanitario ecológico seco urbano está disponible de manera comercial y es utilizado en parques públicos y áreas de turismo. Sin embargo, su uso en hogares no tiene una buena aceptación debido a la mala percepción de los usuarios derivada de ciertas características que no se encuentran normalmente en las tecnologías actuales. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar cómo ciertos atributos de esta eco-tecnología determinan la disposición de la población urbana de Querétaro para su adquisición y uso dentro del hogar. Este estudio se realizó con base en un diseño exploratorio secuencial a través de un análisis de perspectiva cualitativa con muestra no probabilística y un análisis cuantitativo de diseño causal con una muestra probabilística estratificada. La investigación cualitativa muestra la percepción, creencias y costumbres respecto al uso del sanitario, identificando el precio, la facilidad de limpieza, la funcionalidad, el que no se vean los desechos y que no despida olores, como atributos determinantes. Los resultados cuantitativos indican que el 90 % de los encuestados no conocen el concepto de sanitario seco y el resto lo relaciona con ahorro de agua y letrina. No obstante, una vez que conocen las características de esta eco-tecnología, 60 % de los encuestados dijo estar dispuesto a hacer un cambio de sanitarios en su vivienda. Sin embargo, no se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre esta decisión y los atributos determinantes, medidos en esta investigación. Lo que sugiere que un elemento para motivar esta disposición es el conocimiento de la eco-tecnología.Key words: urban dry toilet, determinant attributes for the purchase, water saving ABSTRACTThe urban dry toilet is becoming commercially available and it is actually being used in Mexico in public parks and tourist areas. However its use in urban households has not yet been well accepted due to the poor perceptions of the users regarding certain characteristics that are not typically found in current technologies. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of dry toilets that could drive consumers'

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Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation – A review

Cited by 94 publications

References 48 publications

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Constructing the ecological sanitation: a review on technology and methods

Towards “Sustainable” Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas

Impacto De Los Atributos Determinantes De Un Sanitario Seco Urbano en La Aceptación Del Consumidor

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