Composting of waste from palm oil mill: a sustainable waste management practice

Water Quality Index of Floodplain River Lubuk Lampam South Sumatera Indonesia

“…Firdaus and Nakagoshi [5] also support this finding and stated that the different result between the two methods occurs because of different principles of data input in calculation. Each of the two methods have advantages and disadvantages (Table III), however, for the environmental interest the STORET method gave a better precaution than the WPI method.…”

“…Temperature, pH, water depth, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and Secchi disc visibility were observed during the sample collection (insitu). Samples for total nitrite, nitrate, COD, BOD 5 , orthophosphate, alkalinity, oil and grease, detergent and herbicide (paraquate and glyphosphate) were stored in polyethylene bottles (except for oil and grease measurement, water samples store in glass bottles and BOD in BOD bottles). Water samples kept nearly at about 4 o C, and delivered immediately to the laboratory and determined according to the APHA standard methods [12].…”

“…Liquid wastes arise from oil extraction and processing, while the solid wastes are the leaves, trunk, decanter cake, empty fruit bunches, seed shells and fibre from the mesocarp. Liquid wastes of crude palm oil commonly referred as palm oil mill effluent [5]. Fresh palm oil mill effluent (POME) characterized by high ammount of total solid (40,500 mgL -1 ), oil and grease (4,000 mgL -1 ), Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD (50,000 mgL -1 ) and Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD (25,000 mgL -1) [6].…”

Effect of Tuber Crop Wastes/Byproducts on Nutritional and Microbial Composition of Vermicomposts and Duration of the Vermicomposting Process

“…The C : N ratio of unprocessed olive cake and vermicomposted olive cake was 42 and 29, respectively [5]. Vermicomposting organic materials directly affect the growth and development of earthworms [6,11]. Nogales et al [12] reported that larger weights of newly hatched earthworms were obtained in substrate containing dry oil cake.…”

Sustainability in Malaysian Palm Oil: A Review on Manufacturing Perspective

“…Reverse logistics [27,[33][34][35][36] LCA [22] LCA [38] LCA [42] LCA [44] GHG emissions [23,37] GHG emissions [39] Zero waste [43] Reverse logistics [5,11,14,25,[45][46][47][48][49][50] Reverse logistics [40,41] Technology advancement New waste treatment method [41,51] New processes method [52] Energy generation [18] Technology of waste treatment [8,[53][54][55] Economic wscalation…”