Composting Ecosystem Management for Waste Treatment

Finstein, M. S.; Miller, Frederick C.; Strom, Peter F.; MacGregor, S. T.; Psarianos, K. M.

doi:10.1038/nbt0683-347

Cited by 78 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The seed originated from open-pollinated plants (mixed genetic background) and came from Turkey. The seedlings had been stored at 4°C at the nursery and were kept at that temperature until they were individually planted on 20 March 2003 into 7.6-l plastic pots containing an organic potting mix of pine bark and ComTil (Columbus, OH; municipal sewage sludge prepared by the aerated static pile method; Finstein et al 1983;3:1, v:v). Seedlings were maintained outdoors on drip irrigation until use.…”

Section: Anatomy Of Resin Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic induction of traumatic resin ducts and resin flow in Austrian pine by wounding and inoculation with Sphaeropsis sapinea and Diplodia scrobiculata

Luchi

Capretti

et al. 2004

Planta

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The potential role of the resin system in the response of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) seedlings to mechanical injury and fungal infection was studied in greenhouse experiments. Anatomical observations were performed on 2-year-old plants wounded at collar level and inoculated with Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.: Fr.) Dyko & Sutton in Sutton or Diplodia scrobiculata (J. de Wet, B. Slippers & M. J. Wingfield, sp. nov.; sensu de Wet et al. 2003), two fungal pathogens that cause shoot blight and canker on conifers, and that are characterized by different levels of aggressiveness. Histological examination of host tissue taken from the stem at 0, 8, and 12 cm above the treatment site revealed significant treatment- and time-dependent effects on the course of locally and systemically induced traumatic resin duct (TRD) development. Occurrence of TRDs was observed after 4 days only in seedlings inoculated with D. scrobiculata. At 12 days, TRDs were present also in mock-inoculated controls. No TRDs appeared in seedlings inoculated with S. sapinea. However, S. sapinea caused loss of vacuolar phenolics, severe disruption of cambial tissue and invaded the host xylem quickly and apparently unimpeded, whereas D. scrobiculata was never detected in the host xylem. Five-year-old Austrian pines subjected to the same stem base treatments were used to determine the resin mass flowing from the stem 30 cm above the treatment sites. Wounding and/or inoculation induced a significant, 8.3-fold average increase in systemic resin flow over the untreated trees 3 weeks after basal treatment, suggesting that wounding is the sole prerequisite for systemic induction of resin flow. The results are discussed in the context of current disease resistance models.

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Section: Anatomy Of Resin Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic induction of traumatic resin ducts and resin flow in Austrian pine by wounding and inoculation with Sphaeropsis sapinea and Diplodia scrobiculata

Luchi

Capretti

et al. 2004

Planta

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“…On the other hand, composting in windrows with insufficient oxygen (due to excess moisture, oversized windrows, or low porosity) can result in off-site odors, and finished composts that may have phytotoxic properties (Zucconi et al 1985). Even in well designed windrows, microenvironments within a windrow receive suboptimal levels of oxygen (Fernandes and Sartaj 1997;Schulz 1992;Finstein et al 1983;Miller et al 1989). However, there is little published information on the effects of a defined range of suboptimal oxygenation levels on the rate of composting, production of compost odors, and properties of the final compost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Oxygenation Level on Yard Trimmings Composting Rate, Odor Production, And Compost Quality In Bench-Scale Reactors

Michel

Reddy

1998

Compost Science & Utilization

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Oxygen availability has a profound effect on composting rate, and properties of the final compost. However, the effect of a defined range of oxygenation rates on organic matter conversion, volatile organic acid (VOA) production, ammonia emission, and various compost properties that affect plant growth is not known. In this study, yard trimmings (2:1leaves:grass) were composted in a set of four-liter laboratory scale reactors oxygenated at four rates (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 ml 0 2 / min) . These rates corresponded to a range from no oxygenation (0 ml 0 2 / min), to a rate exceeding the peak oxygen uptake rate of the compost (10 ml 0 2 / min). The results showed that as oxygenation rate increased, the rate of conversion of initial carbon to C0 2 , and ammonia emission increased, while VOA production decreased. Oxygenation rate also had a dramatic effect on various properties of the final compost including pH, nitrogen content, and the concentration of soluble salts, ammonia, and available phosphorus. At low oxygenation rates (0 and 0.1 ml 0 2 / min) composts had a low pH (< 5.0), and high levels of soluble salts (>7 mS), phosphorus, and ammonia. In contrast, at the highest rate of oxygenation (10m! 0 2 / min), the final compost had analkaline pH (8.6), no VOAs, an acceptable level of soluble salts, and was stable (0 2 uptake rate < 0.1 mg 0 2 / g OM / hr) . In conclusion, these results demonstrate that oxygenation markedly influences the rate of composting, odor problems related to VOA and NH 3 production, and selected properties of the final composts.

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“…This method tends to cool down and dry the bottom layers of the pile, leaving the outer layers warm and moist (Finstein et al 1983). …”

Section: Bottom Blowingmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…With piles higher than 2.5-3.0 m (8-9 ft) it is almost impossible to obtain uniform aeration. These piles must be blanketed with an insulating layer (usually cured compost) to ensure a uniform distribution of temperature (Finstein et al 1983). …”

Section: Bottom Suctionmentioning

confidence: 99%