Compositional Modeling of High-Temperature Gas-Condensate Reservoirs With Water Vaporization

Salt precipitation during CO 2 storage—A review

“…Several field experiences have been reported during production/injection from gas reservoirs (Bette and Heinemann, 1989;Jasinski et al, 1997;Kleinitz et al, 2001) and also during storage of natural gas in Iran, the Netherlands and Germany (Golghanddashti et al, 2013; Muller et al (2009) Berea sandstone core sample K = 100 md = 20% D = 2.5 cm L = 28 cm S = 25 wt% NaCl brine T = 35 • C P = 63 bar Q = NR * Permeability measurement SEM and ESEM − 60% reduction in absolute permeability − Suggested pre-flushing with fresh water − Suggested saturated CO2 injection Wang et al (2009) Berea sandstone core sample K = 79 md = 18% D = 3.76 cm L = 28.1 cm S = 25 wt% NaCl brine T = 50 • C P = 82 bar Q = 9.5 ml/min Permeability measurement SEM and ESEM − 50% reduction in CO2 relative permeability − Grains coated with salt crystals were observed using SEM Wang et al (2010) Berea sandstone core sample K = 143 md = 17% D = 3.791 cm L = 29.25 cm S = 25 wt% NaCl brine T = 50 • C P = 82 bar Q = 9.2 ml/min Permeability measurement MRI imaging − 50% reduction in CO2 relative permeability − MRI confirm salt precipitation near the core inlet Ott et al (2010) Berea sandstone core sample K = 500 md = 22% D = 1 cm L = 5 cm S = 20 wt% NaCl brine T = 45 • C P = 100 bar Q = 2.2 ml/min al., 2003;Place and Smith, 1984). Kleinitz et al (2003) reported industry experience on plugging of pores by halite-scaling to such an extent that the salt could not be mitigated by using freshwater, it could be dissolved only after very long shut-in times at the well.…”

“…When the salt concentration exceeds its solubility limit under the thermodynamic state of a given reservoir, the excess salt will precipitate out of the aqueous phase (salting-out) and alter the porosity and permeability of the formation (Cinar and Riaz, 2014;Hurter et al, 2007). Strong evidences on the occurrence of salt precipitation primarily have come from field observations of gas injections or storage (Bette and Heinemann, 1989;Jasinski et al, 1997;Kleinitz et al, 2001). In most of these cases, a dramatic injectivity reduction has been reported.…”

The Effect of Water Vaporization on the Well Productivity in High Temperature Gas Reservoirs

“…The first study regarding this subject was conducted in Arun field, Indonesia (Bette and Heinemann, 1989). The Arun field is a large HP/HT gas condensate reservoir with a temperature of 350 • F, located on the northern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, in which water is produced at the surface but no water influx is observed.…”

The Arun Gas Field in Indonesia: Resource Management of a Mature Field

“…First, the permeability of the laterallyextensive Reef facies had to be modified to match the north-south pressure gradient. 5 Second, tracking the movement of the injected gas by mapping the dew point pressures of the produced gas indicated the presence of a north-south barrier in the western part of the field and a high permeability conduit for gas movement in the south-east part. Lean gas injected in west injection wells fingered through to Cluster II in the north and Cluster IV in the south without having any impact on Cluster III wells.…”

“…5 Thus, production optimization for changing market conditions, operational difficulties or facilities modifications could be accomplished using a single model. In addition, the important reservoir mechanisms -gas expansion, gas liberation from the connate water and aquifer, increased water vaporization from the aquifer into the gas phase, and limited aquifer movement were all identified and modeled to optimize the depletion plan.…”