Composition, Properties, and Utilization of Fumaric Acid Sludge By-Produced from Industrial Phthalic Anhydride Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

To understand fumaric acid sludge (FAS) systematically and comprehensively and find out how to utilize it, we conducted a series of characterization analyses on FAS. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Spectra shows that the main component of FAS is fumaric acids and also contains a small amount of silicate. The nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen (1H-NMR) spectrum also shows that fumaric acid accounted for a large proportion of FAS. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the main phase in FAS is fumaric acid, and there is also a small amount of Kaliophilite. After gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) analysis, it indicates that the possible volatiles and pyrolysis products in FAS are fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, etc. In the test of Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we determined the contents of phthalic acid, fumaric acid, and maleic acid in FAS. The detailed mass content of each component in FAS is as follows: phthalic acid is about 0.10–0.15%; maleic anhydride is about 0.40–0.80%; maleic acid is about 18.40–19.0%; fumaric acid is about 55.00–56.90%; succinic anhydride is about 0.06–0.08%; acrylic acid is about 0.06–0.08%; malic acid is about 0.90–1.00%; acetic acid is about 0.10–0.20%; silicate is about 0.25–0.30%; phthalic anhydride is about 0.20–0.30%; water is about 24.30–24.80%. The filtrate loss reducer (PAAF) used in oilwell drilling fluids synthesized by FAS not only has excellent temperature and complex saline resistance, the API filtration loss (FL) was only 13.2 mL/30 min in the complex saline based mud, but is also cost-effective.

Comparative Vision of Nonlinear Thermo-Optical Features and Third-Order Susceptibility of Mechanically Flexible Metallosupramolecular Self-Repairing Networks with Isomeric Organic Acids

“…The significant stretching vibrations of trans -BDA-TEA@Ni­(II) were positioned at 3337, 2922−2852, 1659, 1438, 1384, and 866 cm −1 (Figure a), and for the cis -BDA-TEA@Ni­(II) metallogel, the noteworthy FTIR peaks were obtained at 3327, 2919−2849, 1662, 1436, 1383, and 856 cm −1 (Figure b). Solvent-corrected FT-IR spectroscopic data for both of the samples show that compared to the standard starting materials, a considerable extent of peak shifting was observed in individual supramolecular metallogels. , This lower shifting of FT-IR peak positions for individual metallogels might be due to the predominant noncovalent supramolecular interactions among the metallogel-forming chemical ingredients within its individual stable metallogel networks. These experimental results critically justified that noncovalent type supramolecular interactions act throughout the low-molecular-weight gelator-guided individual supramolecular metallogel networks of trans -BDA-TEA@Ni­(II) and cis -BDA-TEA@Ni­(II).…”