Composition of the Ruminal Flora and Establishment of Ruminal Ciliated Protozoal Species in Isolated Calves

The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem

“…Data on rumen pH in very young animals are limited, with values reported from calves generally pH 6.0 or higher from 5 days onward (Bryant and Small, 1960;Williams and Dinusson, 1972). However, even in calves inoculated at 1 week old, protozoa did not become established until the animals were 3-6 weeks old (Bryant and Small, 1960).…”

“…Williams and Dinusson (1972) inoculated rumen ciliate protozoa-free calves, 60-285 days of age, with 2-50 cells of either entodiniomorphs or holotrichs. Williams and Dinusson (1972) inoculated rumen ciliate protozoa-free calves, 60-285 days of age, with 2-50 cells of either entodiniomorphs or holotrichs.…”

Characterization of Esterases Produced by a Ruminal Bacterium Identified as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens

“…MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation and maintenance of bacteria. Samples of ruminal contents were obtained by stomach tube from calves maintained on a ration of pelleted 1170 alfalfa, pelleted grain, and wheat bran (10:5:1) (36). Serial dilutions of whole ruminal contents from 10-1 through 10-9 were each inoculated under CO2 into triplicate tubes of 1% tributyrin-rumen fluid Trypticase yeast extract medium (tributyrin-RFTY; reference 13).…”

Ruminal Bacterial Degradation of Benzo(b)-thien-4-yl Methylcarbamate (Mobam) and Effect of Mobam on Ruminal Bacteria

“…[Bacteroides amylophilus, H-18; B. ruminicola subspecies brevis, GA-33; B. succinogenes, S-85; Eubacterium ruminantium, BC-23; Lachnospira multiparus, D-32; (Megasphaera Peptostreptococcus) elsdenii, B-159; E. limosum (Butyribacterium rettgeri, Ramibacterium species), L-34; Selenomonas ruminantium, HD-1; Streptococcus bovis, FD-10; and Succinimonas amylolytica, B,41 were obtained from M. P. Bryant's collection and were maintained on rumen fluid-Trypticase-yeast extract medium (RYTY, 3). Mixtures of bacteria in ruminal contents were obtained by stomach tube from calves (>70 days of age, free of ruminal ciliated protozoa) maintained on a pelleted ration of alfalfa, grain, and wheat bran (10:5:1) (13). Bacteria from the ruminal samples were concentrated by centrifuging the contents at 3,000 x g for 8 min and then centrifuging the resulting supernatant fluid at 13,000 x g for 20 min at 5 C. The sedimented bacterial cells were made up to one-fourth the original volume with basal medium (14) and incubated with "4C-Mobam (100,000 to 250,000 dpm/ml of medium with Mobam concentration adjusted to 72 ug/ml).…”

“…The inoculated media were prepared as roll tubes and incubated at 39 C for 2 weeks. Isolates from colonies showing lytic zones (5,13) were maintained in neoprene-stoppered tubes in Spirit Blue agar medium (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) modified by addition of 1%…”