Composition of the milk of yaks raised at different altitudes on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Cui, Guangxin; Yuan, Fei; Degen, A. Allan; Liu, Shimin; Zhou, Jianwei; Shang, Zhanhuan; Ding, Luming; Mi, Jiandui; Wei, Xiucheng; Long, Ruijun

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.02.046

Cited by 59 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, the yak has a much lower milk yield compared with other dairy bovines due to conditions of extreme harshness, including extreme cold and low air pressure and oxygen content with high solar radiation at high altitudes in the Tibetan Plateau. The milk yield of a yak is usually 200~300 kg, the lactation duration is just 150~200 d, and the daily milk yield is commonly 1.5~2.0 kg [ 2 – 4 ]. The very low milk yield has confused researchers for a long time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) offers the ability to survey the genes and transcripts that are expressed in a biological sample under a specific physiological or pathological condition. It also provides a far more precise measurement of the levels at which genes and transcripts are expressed compared to other methods [ 4 , 5 ]. A large number of investigations have revealed the transcriptional profiles of different organs and tissues of various livestock using RNA-seq technology in recent years [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also provides a far more precise measurement of the levels at which genes and transcripts are expressed compared to other methods [ 4 , 5 ]. A large number of investigations have revealed the transcriptional profiles of different organs and tissues of various livestock using RNA-seq technology in recent years [ 4 ]. In the yak, RNA-seq was used to construct a tissue-specific cDNA library and survey the important regulatory genes related to reproduction [ 6 ], coat color [ 7 ] and others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional profiling of two different physiological states of the yak mammary gland using RNA sequencing

Fan

Luo

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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Yak milk is superior to common cow milk in nutrients including protein, fat and calories. However, the milk yield of the yak is very much lower compared with other dairy bovines. To understand the molecular mechanisms of lactogenesis, lactation and mammary gland development, mammary tissue samples were taken from five yaks during a dry period (DP, n = 3) and lactation period (LP, n = 2). Two types of cDNA sequence libraries that reflected the different physiological states of the mammary gland were constructed using RNA sequencing technology. After removing reads containing adapters, reads containing poly-N and low-quality reads from the raw data, 45,423,478 to 53,274,976 clean reads were obtained from these libraries. A total of 74.72% to 80.65% of the high-quality sequence reads were uniquely aligned to the BosGru v2.0 yak reference genome. Using the DESeq R package, 360 differentially expressed genes were detected between the two groups when the adjusted P value (padj < 0.05) was used as the cutoff value; this included 192 upregulated and 168 downregulated genes in the yak mammary gland tissue of the DP compared to the LP. A gene ontology analysis revealed that the most enriched GO terms were protein binding, multi-organism process, immune system and others. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mostly enriched in Hippo signaling, insulin signaling, steroid biosynthesis and others. The analysis of the up- and downregulated genes provides important insights into the molecular events involved in lactogenesis, lactation and mammary gland development and will guide further research to enhance milk yield and optimize the constituents of yak milk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional profiling of two different physiological states of the yak mammary gland using RNA sequencing

Fan

Luo

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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“…The Van Soest method was used to determine ADF and NDF (Van Soest et al, 1991). The complete combustion method, Soxhlet extraction method and anthronebased method were used to determine Ash, EE (Cui et al, 2016) and WSC (Yemm and Willis, 1954), respectively.…”

Section: Nutritional Content Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Long-Term Experimental Warming on the Nutritional Quality of Alpine Meadows in the Northern Tibet

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2020

Journal of Resources and Ecology

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“…Yak (Bos grunniens) milk is produced in the China Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area at an altitude of 3000 m [1]. It has become a new source of dairy products in China, due to its higher nutritional properties, less allergenicity, and better digestibility than cow milk [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Use of Trisodium Citrate and Transglutaminase to Enhance the Stiffness and Water-Holding Capacity of Acidified Yak Milk Gels

Yang

2018

Journal of Food Quality

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In this research, the synergistic effect of trisodium citrate (TSC) and microbial transglutaminase (TGase) treatment on the textural properties of acidified yak skim milk gels was investigated. TSC was added to yak skim milk to concentrations of 0, 20, and 40 mmol/L, followed by adjusting the pH to 6.7. The samples were incubated with TGase for the cross-linking reaction, after which the samples were acidified with 1.4% (w/v) gluconodelta-lactone (GDL) at 42°C for 4 h to form gels. The stiffness and water holding capacity (WHC) of gels exhibited higher values at 20 or 40 mmol/L than without TSC. The final storage modulus (G′) of yak milk gels was positively related to the concentration of TSC prior to TGase treatment. Cryoscanning electron microscopy observations showed that the gel networks were more rigid with higher TSC concentrations. Overall, TSC dissociated particles in yak milk into smaller ones. The newly formed particles in yak skim milk could form acid-induced gels with greater stiffness and higher WHC in the presence of TGase.

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Composition of the milk of yaks raised at different altitudes on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Cited by 59 publications

References 22 publications

Transcriptional profiling of two different physiological states of the yak mammary gland using RNA sequencing

Transcriptional profiling of two different physiological states of the yak mammary gland using RNA sequencing

Effect of Long-Term Experimental Warming on the Nutritional Quality of Alpine Meadows in the Northern Tibet

Combined Use of Trisodium Citrate and Transglutaminase to Enhance the Stiffness and Water-Holding Capacity of Acidified Yak Milk Gels

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