Composition of Mammalian Desoxyribonucleic Acids<sup>1</sup>

Chargaff, Erwin; Lipshitz, Rakoma

doi:10.1021/ja01111a016

Cited by 93 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…For instance, when labeled dGTP was used as the radioactive precursor, the T/G ratio of the product was about 1.3, quite similar to the ratio of 1.34 expected for calf-thymus DNA (8). The data for nucleotide incorporation with DNA as template reported here were, therefore, calculated by multiplying the thymidylic acid uptake by a factor of 3.51 corresponding to the mole percentage of this nucleotide in calf-thymus DNA (8). Thus, "activated" DNA is the most efficient template, whereas intact and denatured specimens are poorer templates.…”

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confidence: 79%

“…Although labeled dTTP was used routinely, care was taken to ascertain that the other nucleotides also were taken up in roughly the expected proportions. For instance, when labeled dGTP was used as the radioactive precursor, the T/G ratio of the product was about 1.3, quite similar to the ratio of 1.34 expected for calf-thymus DNA (8). The data for nucleotide incorporation with DNA as template reported here were, therefore, calculated by multiplying the thymidylic acid uptake by a factor of 3.51 corresponding to the mole percentage of this nucleotide in calf-thymus DNA (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Survey of DNA Polymerase Activity During the Early Development of Drosophila melanogaster

Margulies¹,

Chargaff²

1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The pattern of DNA polymerase activity in developing Drosophila melanogaster has been studied in seven stages of embryonic development as well as in unfertilized eggs. The crude polymerase-containing extracts, most likely of cytoplasmic origin, utilize, in the following order of decreasing template efficiency, "activated" calfthymus DNA, poly(A)-oligo(dT), and poly(A) oligo(U). The highest enzyme levels occur in unfertilized eggs; the activity remains high during the first 9 hr of embryogenesis, but shows a progressive decline in the later stages. Deoxyribonuclease exhibits a similar trend. The unfertilized eggs of two genotypically different females had nearly identical levels of DNA polymerase.The enzymic mechanisms of nucleic acid formation, and especially their alterations, during cellular differentiation offer an interesting field of study, as has been emphasized in previous papers from this laboratory (1, 2). The present report extends our studies, originally done with the developing chicken embryo, to another eukaryotic organism whose developmental stages are defined precisely and which has the additional advantage of being suitable for genetic analysis. We present here a survey of DNA polymerase activity during the development of Drosophila melanogaster, beginning with the unfertilized egg and extending through the several stages of embryonic growth. (2) Poly(A) -poly(U) (1.4:1, w/w), prepared similarly, using poly(U), s2o = 7.1, supplied by P.' L. Biochemicals. (3) Poly(A) * oligo(dT) (1.2: 1, w/w); the same poly(A) preparation was hybridized with oligo(dT). The latter was obtained by treatment of 400 ,ug of poly(dT) with sheepkidney nuclease (7) for 30 min (2 units/ml of incubation mixture), followed by inactivation of the enzyme (700, 4 min). (4) Poly-(A) -oligo(U) (1.4:1, w/w); the same poly(A) specimen was hybridized with oligo(U), produced by treatment with the nuclease for 15 min (800 ,ug of polymer, 2 units of * The duration of this procedure, 0.5 hr, is included in the specified age of the eggs. Thus, since for the earliest embryonic age the eggs were frozen directly after the collection period of 1.5 hr, the age of these embryos ranged from 0.5-2 hr. 2946 MATERIALS AND METHODS Drosophila melanogaster

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confidence: 79%

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confidence: 99%

Survey of DNA Polymerase Activity During the Early Development of Drosophila melanogaster

Margulies¹,

Chargaff²

1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Due to the polydisperse nature of GAGs, their concentrations were calculated using the molecular weight of the average repeating disaccharide units: 665 and 503 g/mol for heparin and CS, respectively. The DNA concentration in terms of base pair/L was determined spectrophotometrically by using a molar extinction coefficient of ε max = 13,200 M ‐1 cm ‐1 at 260 nm …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycosaminoglycan and DNA Binding Induced Intra‐ and Intermolecular Exciton Coupling of the bis‐4‐Aminoquinoline Surfen

Zsila

2015

Chirality

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Despite the diverse biological activities of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) antagonist surfen, the molecular details of its interaction with biomacromolecules remain poorly understood. Therefore, heparin and DNA binding properties of surfen were studied by circular dichroism (CD) and UV absorption spectroscopy methods. High-affinity (Ka ~ 10(7) M(-1)) association of surfen to the chiral heparin chain gives rise to a characteristic biphasic CD pattern due to the conformational twist of the aminoquinoline moieties around the central urea bridge. At higher drug loading, intermolecular stacking of surfen molecules alters the induced CD profile and also provokes strong UV hypochromism. In contrast to the right-handed heparin template, binding of surfen to the left-helicity chondroitin sulfate chains produces inverted CD pattern. Large UV hypochromism as well as polyphasic induced ellipticity bands indicate that surfen intercalates between the base pairs of calf-thymus DNA. Extensive CD spectroscopic changes observed at higher drug binding ratios refer to cooperative binding interactions between the intercalated drug molecules. The inherent conformational flexibility of surfen demonstrated here for the first time is important in its binding to distinct macromolecular targets and should be considered for rational drug design of novel GAG antagonists.

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“…In double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine is equal to that of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to that of cytosine. This is known as Chargaff's first parity rule [38,39]. This rule also applies to single-stranded DNA and is called Chargaff's second parity rule [40,41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Favorable and unfavorable amino acid residues in water-soluble and transmembrane proteins

Nakashima¹,

Yoshihara²,

Kitamura³

2013

JBiSE

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We analyzed the amino acid residues present in the water-soluble and transmembrane proteins of 6 thermophilic and 6 mesophilic species of the domains Archaea and Eubacteria, and characterized them as favorable or unfavorable. The characterization was performed by comparing the observed number of each amino acid residue to the expected number calculated from the percentage of nucleotides present in each gene. Amino acids that were more or less abundant than expected were considered as favorable or unfavorable, respectively. Comparisons of amino acid compositions indicated that the water-soluble proteins were rich in charged residues such as Glu, Asp, Lys, and His, whereas hydrophobic residues such as Trp, Phe, and Leu were abundant in transmembrane proteins. Interestingly, our results found that although the Trp residue was abundant in transmembrane proteins, it was not defined as favorable by our calculations, indicating that increased numbers of a particular amino acid does not necessary indicate it is a favorable residue. Amino acids with high G + C content such as Ala, Gly, and Pro were frequently observed as favorable in species with low G + C content. Comparatively, amino acids with low G + C content such as Phe, Tyr, Lys, Ile, and Met were frequently observed as favorable in species with high G + C content. These are the examples to increase the supply of amino acids than expected. Amino acids with neutral G + C content, i.e., Glu and Asp were favorable in water-soluble proteins from all species analyzed, and Cys was unfavorable both in water-soluble and transmembrane proteins. These results indicate that amino acid compositions are essentially determined by the nucleotide sequence of the genes, and the amino acid content is altered by a deviation from expectation.

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Composition of Mammalian Desoxyribonucleic Acids¹

Cited by 93 publications

References 9 publications

Survey of DNA Polymerase Activity During the Early Development of Drosophila melanogaster

Survey of DNA Polymerase Activity During the Early Development of Drosophila melanogaster

Glycosaminoglycan and DNA Binding Induced Intra‐ and Intermolecular Exciton Coupling of the bis‐4‐Aminoquinoline Surfen

Favorable and unfavorable amino acid residues in water-soluble and transmembrane proteins

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Composition of Mammalian Desoxyribonucleic Acids1

Cited by 93 publications

References 9 publications

Survey of DNA Polymerase Activity During the Early Development of Drosophila melanogaster

Survey of DNA Polymerase Activity During the Early Development of Drosophila melanogaster

Glycosaminoglycan and DNA Binding Induced Intra‐ and Intermolecular Exciton Coupling of the bis‐4‐Aminoquinoline Surfen

Favorable and unfavorable amino acid residues in water-soluble and transmembrane proteins

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Composition of Mammalian Desoxyribonucleic Acids¹