Composition and succession of sea ice diatom assemblages in the eastern and southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Gleitz, Markus; Bartsch, Annette; Dieckmann, Gerhard; Eicken, Hajo

doi:10.1029/ar073p0107

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Thus, the overall dynamics within the ice community may be determined by relatively few taxa adapted to grow and survive within the ice habitat. Gleitz et al (1998), in a study focused only on the diatom component, have suggested such a pattern of community dynamics. Similarly surprising was that there was no statistical relationship with ice structural type; that is, values for the biomass of the major groups compared among frazil, congelation, infiltration, platelet, and mixed structural types were not significantly different (Duncan multiple-range test; α = 0.05).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea-ice microbial communities in the Ross Sea: autumn and summer biota

Garrison¹,

Gibson²,

Coale³

et al. 2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The composition of sea ice communities in the Ross Sea region was examined during the autumn to winter transition and during the summer. The biomass of autotrophs and heterotrophs in autumn reached maximum values of 709 and 167 mg C m , respectively. During the autumn-winter cruise, most of the biomass was found within ice floes as interior and bottom layer communities. During summer, surface-layer slush communities occurred throughout the ice-covered regions. The biomass was highly variable throughout the study regions during both cruises. Diatoms dominated the autotrophic biomass; however, autotrophic dinoflagellates and autotrophic flagellates contributed significantly to the community make-up. Among heterotrophs, ciliates predominated during both cruises, followed by heterotrophic flagellates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Similarity analysis, based on the biomass composition of major groups, showed consistency between and within cruises, with most samples > 70% similar. The autumn to winter samples (all from within floes) showed higher similarity clusters that could be related to changing compositions of diatoms, ciliates, and autotrophic dinoflagellates. Most variable were some summer surface slush samples, where samples dominated by Phaeocystis, Pyramimonas, Gymnodinium, and the ciliate Gymnozoum formed outlying clusters. The dynamics of ice biota may be determined by relatively few taxa that are persistently found within the ice floes. Surface blooms may develop either from a biota within the ice or from opportunistic forms from the water column that are introduced during flooding events. Thus, these assemblages may show considerably more variability in composition than those that develop within the underlying ice. KEY WORDS: Sea ice community · Antarctic · ProtistsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea-ice microbial communities in the Ross Sea: autumn and summer biota

Garrison¹,

Gibson²,

Coale³

et al. 2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…6 shelf (Cunningham and Leventer, 1998) and both frazil ice and platelet ice in the Weddell Sea 111 (Smetacek et al, 1992; Gleitz et al, 1998). In the Weddell Sea, it has also been recorded under 112 turbulent conditions (Gleitz et al, 1998) and from low salinity, nitrate-deplete, high pH crackpools 113 associated with summer melting ice (Gleitz et al, 1996).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Weddell Sea, it has also been recorded under 112 turbulent conditions (Gleitz et al, 1998) and from low salinity, nitrate-deplete, high pH crackpools 113 associated with summer melting ice (Gleitz et al, 1996). Although it is rare to find T. antarctica in 114 sea ice samples due to its requirement for open water to bloom (Bárcena et al, 1998) and its 115 sensitivity to low light intensities (Doucette and Fryxell, 1985;Fryxell et al, 1987), it has been 116 observed in some spring sea ice samples which suggests over-wintering in sea ice or re-suspension 117 from the sediments (Villareal and Fryxell, 1983).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the relationship between the Antarctic coastal diatoms Thalassiosira antarctica Comber and Porosira glacialis (Grunow) Jørgensen and sea ice concentrations during the late Quaternary

Pike

Crosta

Maddison

et al. 2009

Marine Micropaleontology

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Observations on the relationship between the Antarctic coastal diatoms Thalassiosira antarctica Comber and Porosira glacialis (Grunow) Jørgensen and sea ice concentrations during the Late Quaternary, Marine Micropaleontology (2009Micropaleontology ( ), doi: 10.1016Micropaleontology ( /j.marmicro.2009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTThe available ecological and palaeoecological information for two sea ice-related marine diatoms 35 (Bacillariophyceae), Thalassiosira antarctica Comber and Porosira glacialis (Grunow) Jørgensen, 36 suggests that these two species have similar sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity 37 (SSS) and sea ice proximity preferences. From phytoplankton observations, both are described as 38 summer or autumn bloom species, commonly found in low SST waters associated with sea ice, 39 although rarely within the ice. Both species form resting spores (RS) as irradiance decreases, SST 40 falls and SSS increases in response to freezing ice in autumn. Recent work analysing late 41Quaternary seasonally-laminated diatom ooze from coastal Antarctic sites has revealed that sub- that used a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-vegation model forced with orbital parameters and 57 greenhouse gas concentrations. We find that abundance of P. glacialis RS is favoured by higher 58 A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT4 winter and spring sea ice concentrations and that a climatically-sensitive threshold exists between 59 the abundance of P. glacialis RS and T. antarctica RS in the sediments. An increase to >0.1 for the 60 ratio of P. glacialis RS:T. antarctica RS indicates a change to increased winter sea ice 61 concentration (to >80% concentration), cooler spring seasons with increased sea ice, slightly 62 warmer autumn seasons with less sea ice and a change from ~7.5 months annual sea ice cover at a 63 site to much greater than 7.5 months. In the East Antarctic sediment record, an increase in the ratio 64 from <0.1 to above 0.1 occurs at the transition from the warmer Hypsithermal climate into the 65 cooler Neoglacial climate (~4 cal kyr) indicating that the ratio between these two diatoms has the 66 potential to be used as a semi-quantitative climate proxy. antarctica RS-dominated sub-laminae that were deposited during autumn (Stickley et al., 2005). antarctica RS and P. glacialis RS sub-laminae from both sites, and from both time intervals, occur 88 at the top of late summer/autumn terrigenous-rich diatom laminae, which supports the contention 89 that these two diatoms have broadly similar ecological pre...

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“…They may survive only in the bottom layers (Kottmeier and Sullivan, 1987), where relatively high abundances have been observed in early spring in Arctic landfast ice (Figure 3a). In the ice interior, however, centric diatoms observed in high abundance in young pack ice (Figure 3d) apparently disappear from the ice column over time (Gleitz et al, 1998;Ratkova and Wassmann, 2006;Olsen et al, 2017). Heterotrophic protists are present throughout the year in pack ice (Figure 3f).…”

Section: Seasonal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larger pennate diatoms are scavenged preferentially (Garrison et al, 2005;Rozanska et al, 2008), forming occasional autumn sea-ice blooms (Fiala et al, 2006). Besides pennate diatoms, centric diatoms (Hsiao, 1980;Gleitz et al, 1998;Garrison et al, 2005) and flagellates (Gradinger and Ikävalko, 1998;Rozanska et al, 2008) have also been observed in newly formed sea ice. When the ice column thickens, due to ice growing at the bottom or to ice rafting, interior layers are formed (Grossi and Sullivan, 1985;Ackley and Sullivan, 1994).…”

Section: Seasonal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

Leeuwe

Tedesco

Arrigo

et al. 2018

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

122

128

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van Leeuwe, MA, et al. 2018 Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis. Elem Sci Anth, 6: 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.267 IntroductionSea ice is one of the largest biomes on earth. The area covered by Arctic (15.6 × 10 6 km 2 ) and Antarctic (18.8 × 10 6 km 2 ) sea ice is roughly 4 and 5% of the global ocean surface (361.9 × 10 6 km 2 ) at their respective maximum extents (Meier, 2017;Stammerjohn and Maksym, 2017). Sea ice is a very diverse and potentially very productive habitat, with primary production estimated to amount to 2-24% of total production in sea-ice covered marine areas (Arrigo, 2017). Sea ice is especially productive in spring and summer when, locally, carbon biomass can be ten times higher in the bottom ice than in the seawater, with values greater than 3 mg chlorophyll a) in bottom layers (e.g., Corneau et al., 2013). On some occasions, ice algae may contribute up to 50-60% of total primary production McMinn et al., 2010; Fernandez-Mendez et al., 2015). Sympagic (ice-associated) microalgae (see Horner et al., 1992, for terminology) are REVIEWMicroalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis Sea ice is one the largest biomes on earth, yet it is poorly described by biogeochemical and climate models. In this paper, published and unpublished data on sympagic (ice-associated) algal biodiversity and productivity have been compiled from more than 300 sea-ice cores and organized into a systematic framework. Significant patterns in microalgal community structure emerged from this framework. Autotrophic flagellates characterize surface communities, interior communities consist of mixed microalgal populations and pennate diatoms dominate bottom communities. There is overlap between landfast and pack-ice communities, which supports the hypothesis that sympagic microalgae originate from the pelagic environment. Distribution in the Arctic is sometimes quite different compared to the Antarctic. This difference may be related to the time of sampling or lack of dedicated studies. Seasonality has a significant impact on species distribution, with a potentially greater role for flagellates and centric diatoms in early spring. The role of sea-ice algae in seeding pelagic blooms remains uncertain. Photosynthesis in sea ice is mainly controlled by environmental factors on a small scale and therefore cannot be linked to specific ice types. Overall, sea-ice communities show a high capacity for photoacclimation but low maximum productivity compared to pelagic phytoplankton. Low carbon assimilation rates probably result from adaptation to extreme conditions of reduced light and temperature in winter. We hypothesize that in the near future, bottom communities will develop earlier in the season and develop more biomass over a shorter period of time as light penetration increases due to the thinning of sea ice. The Arctic is already witnessing changes. The shift forward in time of the algal bloom can resu...

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Composition and succession of sea ice diatom assemblages in the eastern and southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Cited by 29 publications

References 39 publications

Sea-ice microbial communities in the Ross Sea: autumn and summer biota

Sea-ice microbial communities in the Ross Sea: autumn and summer biota

Observations on the relationship between the Antarctic coastal diatoms Thalassiosira antarctica Comber and Porosira glacialis (Grunow) Jørgensen and sea ice concentrations during the late Quaternary

Microalgal community structure and primary production in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis

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