Composition and properties of the Pierre Shale and equivalent rocks, northern Great Plains region

Schultz, Leonard Gene; Tourtelot, Harry Allison; Gill, James R.; Boerngen, Josephine G.

doi:10.3133/pp1064b

Cited by 70 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…The average Sc concentration of the studied shales is 108 ppm (Table 3), whereas common shales and UCC give Sc average concentrations not exceeding 22 ppm (Condie, 1993). The high Sc contents of the studied shales are due to the weathering of (Condie, 1993), UCC (Taylor and MeLennan, 1985), Pierre Shale (Schultz et al, 1980) and NASC (Gromet et al, 1984).…”

Section: Factors Controlling Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six samples, four from the Safa Formation and two from the Bir Maghara Formation, which yielded low CIA values (<61), are excluded as they are enriched in calcite. The high CIA values in the studied shales probably Phan Sh: Phanerozoic Shales (Condie, 1993), UCC: Upper Continental Crust (Taylor and McLennan, 1985), Pierre Shale (Schultz et al, 1980), NASC: North American Shale Composites (Gromet et al, 1984) and RMCS: Russian Mesozoic and Cenozoic Shales (Ronov and Migdisov, 1971 (Condie, 1993) and in the UCC (14 ppm) (Taylor and McLennan, 1985). Similar to Zr, samples 12 and 24 gave extremely high Sc concentrations -268 and 296 ppm respectively.…”

Section: Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Loss on ignition (LOI) was not determined. The data obtained from the studied shales are compared with the average chemical composition of the Phanerozoic Shale (Condie, 1993), Upper Continental Crust (UCC) (Taylor and McLennan, 1985), Normal Pierre Shale (Schultz et al, 1980), North American Shale Composite (NASC) (Gromet et al, 1984), and Russian Mesozoic and Cenozoic Shales (RMCS) (Ronov and Migdisov, 1971). To test the role of chemical weathering in the formation of the studied shales, the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated using the method of Nesbitt and Young (1982).…”

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For comparison, the chemical composition of the studied shales is plotted against the chemical composition of previously studied common shale composites (Schultz et al, 1980;Gromet et al, 1984;Condie, 1993) and the Upper Continental Crust (UCC) (Taylor and McLennan, 1985); see Table 3 and Fig. 5.…”

Section: Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of Bajocian-Bathonian shales, G. Al-Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt: Climatic and environmental significance.

2003

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Clay mineral assemblages in relation to the chemical characteristics of Bajocian-Bathonian shales at G. Al-Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt, have been determined to infer the climatic conditions and the factors regulating their distribution. Mineralogical analyses using XRD revealed the dominance of kaolinite relative to illite and smectite. Quartz, calcite, goethite, feldspars and plagioclase represent the non-clay minerals encountered. Chemical data reflect the enrichment of chemically immobile elements (Al, Ti, Zr and Sc) and the depletion of mobile elements (Fe, Ca, Na, K and Mg). Major element concentrations reflect the dominant mineralogical composition and the weathering history of the source area. Moreover, the enrichment of trace elements (Sc, Zr and partially Cr) could be attributed to the source rock chemistry and its weathering history. High values of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) (Al 2 O 3 /(Al 2 O 3 + CaO + K 2 O + Na 2 O) × 100) were found. The high proportion of kaolinite associated with the enrichments of immobile particularly major elements (Al and Ti) and the high values of CIA suggest intensive chemical weathering of the source rock under tropical to subtropical humid climatic conditions. The abundance of kaolinite relative to smectite was also influenced by hydraulic sorting and relative sea level changes.

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Section: Factors Controlling Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of Bajocian-Bathonian shales, G. Al-Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt: Climatic and environmental significance.

2003

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“…Levels of Cd are typically high in soils formed from marine shales, whereas soils low in Cd were formed from granitic parent materials. The major source of Cd in North Dakota soils is from mineralization of marine shales of the Cretaceous period that contain high levels of Cd in Pierre Shales (Schultz et al, 1980). Soils low in Cd are reported to vary from 0.01 to 30 μg Cd g -1 ; however, a more typical range in Cd content is 0.06 to 0.5 μg g -1 (Haghiri, 1974;Wagner, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Zinc Fertilization Effects on Seed Cadmium Accumulation in Oilseed and Grain Crops Grown on North Dakota Soils

Rojas-Cifuentes

Berti

Norvell³

2012

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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The Cd concentration in the seed of crops depends on various soil factors including parent material, texture, pH, soil redox, and salinity. Cadmium accumulation also varies among crop species and cultivars within a species. Cadmium and Zn may have either an antagonistic or a synergistic effect on plant uptake that can be influenced by the soil Cd and Zn concentrations. The objective was to determine the effect of Zn fertilizer additions on the seed Cd of nine crops commonly grown in North Dakota, USA. Studies were conducted at five North Dakota locations representing different soil series during 1994 and 1995. In Experiment 1, nine crops common in North Dakota were grown with and without the addition of 25 kg ha -1 Zn fertilizer. Among crops evaluated, the greatest seed Cd accumulation occurred in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) followed by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). In Experiment 2, two durum wheats and one flax cultivar were grown under three Zn treatments of 0, 5, and 25 kg ha -1 . In Experiment again flax had the higher seed Cd level compared with the two durum varieties. Based on the results from both studies, addition of Zn fertilizer did not consistently reduce seed Cd content, and even when statistically significant, the level of reduction was small and not likely to impact marketability of Cd accumulating crops such as flax, sunflower, soybean, and durum.

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Methane Leakage From Hydrocarbon Wellbores into Overlying Groundwater: Numerical Investigation of the Multiphase Flow Processes Governing Migration

Rice

McCray

Singha

2018

Water Resources Research

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Methane leakage due to compromised hydrocarbon well integrity can lead to impaired groundwater quality. Here we use a three‐dimensional, multiphase (vapor and aqueous), multicomponent (methane, water, salt), numerical model (TOUGH2 EOS7C) to investigate hydrogeological conditions that could result in groundwater contamination from natural gas wellbore leakage that migrates upward toward a freshwater aquifer. The conceptual model used for the simulations assumes methane leakage at 20–30 m below groundwater. We perform 180 simulations for a sensitivity analysis, examining (1) multiphase flow parameters related to storage, capillarity, and relative permeability, including porosity (ϕ), initial fluid‐phase saturation (SL), and van Genuchten n and α, (2) geostatistical variations in intrinsic permeability (ki), and (3) methane source‐zone pressure. Simulated mean ki values are 10−18 and 10−13 m2 with variances of 1 and 5 m4. Simulated source‐zone pressures range from just over ambient hydrostatic pressure at the depth of leakage (100 kPa) to the maximum pressure that steel casings are commonly rated to withstand (20,340 kPa). ki, initial SL, ϕ, and van Genuchten's n and α were the most important parameters in determining the volume of methane reaching groundwater during a given time period. Multiphase parameterization of formations underlying freshwater aquifers and overlying hydrocarbon production zones is fundamental to assessing aquifer vulnerability to methane leakage.

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Composition and properties of the Pierre Shale and equivalent rocks, northern Great Plains region

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of Bajocian-Bathonian shales, G. Al-Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt: Climatic and environmental significance.

Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of Bajocian-Bathonian shales, G. Al-Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt: Climatic and environmental significance.

Zinc Fertilization Effects on Seed Cadmium Accumulation in Oilseed and Grain Crops Grown on North Dakota Soils

Methane Leakage From Hydrocarbon Wellbores into Overlying Groundwater: Numerical Investigation of the Multiphase Flow Processes Governing Migration

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