Composition and pharmacological activity of essential oils from two imported Amomum subulatum fruit samples

Abstract

Objective This work attempted to isolate, identify, and correlate the composition of essential oils (EOs) and pharmacological properties of two imported Amomum subulatum fruit samples. These samples were collected from Indian and KSA local supermarkets to ensure consistency in their therapeutic effects. Methods EOs were extracted from Indian and KSA A. subulatum fruit samples using a hydro-distillation method and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , and Acinetobacter baumannii ) was determined using minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-induced free radical assay, and a bovine albumin inhibitory assay, respectively. These analyses were performed to evaluate the pharmacological activities of the substances. Results GC–MS retention times of both samples demonstrated 56 bioactive ingredients with different percentages. The principal bioactive compounds in the Indian and Saudi Arabian EO samples were 1,8-cineole (44.24% and 46.22%, respectively), α-terpineol (7.47% and 7.04%, respectively), terpinen-4-ol (5.01% and 4.83%, respectively), geraniol D (4.05% and 3.54%, respectively), and β-pinene (3.38% and 3.98%, respectively). Superior antimicrobial activity against the selected strains was observed for both samples, with an MIC range of 0.5%–1%. Antioxidant assays demonstrated moderate activity in both samples. Moreover, the Indian and Saudi Arabian samples exhibited IC 50 values of 53.12% and 55.26 μg/mL, respectively, in albumin denaturation inhibition assays. This indicated an outstanding anti-inflammatory potential comparable to ibuprofen. Conclusions The composition of EOs from both samples exhibited similar qualitative but different quantitative variability. No major variations in the pharmacological properties of EOs were observed. More studies are essential for further validation of our study findings.

Determination of Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Essential Oil from Leaves of Apium graveolens Grown in Saudi Arabia

“…Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH = 6.8), different dilutions of AGO and ibuprofen (5–200 µg/mL in PBS), 1% egg albumin, 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 0.8% casein, and 70% perchloric acid were prepared. Anti-inflammatory properties were assayed using the egg albumin [ 45 ] and trypsin [ 46 ] methods, with slight modifications.…”

“…The legends were converted into the SMILES format. PASS is an online web tool [ 45 ] that predicts probable activity (Pa) and probable inactivity (Pi) and is applied to ‘drug-like’ substances [ 47 ]. The pharmacokinetic properties were also estimated using SwissADME software [ 12 ], which can predict the physiochemical properties, lipophilicity, drug-likeness, and toxicity.…”

Alternatives Therapeutic Approaches to Conventional Antibiotics: Advantages, Limitations and Potential Application in Medicine

“…EOs have been used for over 5000 years in various cultures and for a variety of different purposes, including personal care (perfumes and cosmetics), foods, home care, repellents for humans and animals (livestock and domestic animals), and health-promoting agents for the treatment of various diseases [ 203 , 209 , 210 , 211 ]. EOs are generally known to exert various pharmacological effects, such as antiallergic (lavender, sage), anticancer (salvia), anti-inflammatory (eucalyptus, lavender), analgesic (lavender), anxiolytic (common fennel), antidepressant (citron) immunomodulatory (eucalyptus) antibacterial (clove, cumin, thyme, oregano), antifungal (curcuma, lavender, eucalyptus), antiviral (eugenol, eucalyptus, ginger grass, clove), insecticidal (artemisia, eucalyptus, lavender), and antioxidant activity (coriander, lavender, aneth) [ 206 , 212 , 213 , 214 ]. Also, EOs could be used as alternative preservatives to increase the shelf lives of cereals and crops and in food safety [ 215 ].…”

Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry, and Other Potential Application of Aquatic and Semiaquatic Medicinal Plants

“…The stem of this plant is consumed in a vegetable diet in Manipur [ 57 ]. The plant contains secondary metabolites such as 1,8-cineole, β -myrcene, α -terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, α -pinene, and β -pinene [ 59 ].…”