Composites of Wood and Biodegradable Thermoplastics: A Review

Chan, Clement Matthew; Vandi, Luigi‐Jules; Pratt, Steven; Halley, P. J.; Richardson, Desmond; Werker, Alan; Laycock, Bronwyn

doi:10.1080/15583724.2017.1380039

Cited by 159 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), and thermoplastic starch (TPS) are representative biomass-derived bioplastics which possess biodegradability [6,7]. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) are derived from petroleum resources but can be biodegradable [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lignin Plasticization on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Lignin/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites

et al. 2019

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Kraft lignin (KL) or plasticized KL (PKL)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites, containing different lignin contents and with and without the coupling agent, were prepared in this study using twin-screw extrusion at 180 • C. Furthermore, ε-caprolactone and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) were used as a plasticizer of KL and a coupling agent to improve interfacial adhesion, respectively. It was found that lignin plasticization improved lignin dispersibility in the PLA matrix and increased the melt flow index due to decrease in melt viscosity. The tensile strength of KL or PKL/PLA composites was found to decrease as the content of KL and PKL increased in the absence of pMDI, and increased due to pMDI addition. The existence of KL and PKL in the composites decreased the thermal degradation rate against the temperature and increased char residue. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of water in the composites was also found to decrease due to KL or PKL addition.PLA is considered one of the most promising biopolymers due to its excellent properties, which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability, as well as good mechanical properties [10][11][12]. PLA is derived from agricultural products (e.g., corn and potato) and is usually produced by ring-opening polymerization of lactide and condensation of lactic acid without polluting the environment during the production process [6,10,13]. However, despite its properties, the application of PLA has been limited because of its higher price and lower resistance to heat and water [11,13]. It has been proposed that compounding PLA with filler can improve its properties and remove some of its drawbacks [5,[11][12][13][14][15]. Recently, some studies have introduced lignin to improve the performance of PLA and reduce the cost [10,13,14].Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, accounting for nearly 25% of lignocellulosic biomass [16][17][18][19]. It is usually easily obtained as a byproduct of the pulping industry and has some positive properties, including being biodegradable, non-toxic, and low-cost and having low density and excellent thermal and moisture resistance [20][21][22][23]. Due to these properties, research on lignin application for bioplastics has increased. Lignin has been known to have positive effects on composite properties. Some studies have observed that lignin addition enhances resistance for heat and moisture [14,15,24]. Furthermore, lignin has also been utilized as a stabilizer to prevent oxidation on plastic composites [25]. However, some studies have reported that the presence of lignin can deteriorate the mechanical properties of lignin-based composites. Lignin has been found to be incompatible with most aliphatic polyesters, including PLA, PBS, and PCL, thus deteriorating the mechanical properties of the composites [26][27][28]. However, it has been found that this strength deterioration, which is caused by lignin addition, can be overcome by adding coupling agents [26,[29][30][31]. Isocyanate coupling agents, such...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lignin Plasticization on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Lignin/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites

et al. 2019

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“…Moreover, unlike wood flour, their high aspect ratio contributes to the strength and stiffness of the composite material when used as a filler [2,3]. Fibre morphology and physicochemical properties have a strong effect on their reinforcing properties within the thermoplastic matrix [4]. Wood fibre characteristics mainly depend on the fibre origin and refining method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing and Properties of MDF Fibre-Reinforced Biopolyesters with Chain Extender Additives

Thumm

Even²,

Gini

et al. 2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Biopolyesters are a way to improve natural fibre composite sustainability. This study explores, for the first time, the potential of using medium density fibreboard (MDF) fibres to reinforce four biobased and biodegradable polyester matrices to create a fully “green composite.” Added at 30 wt %, MDF fibres did not improve the strength of the injection moulded NFCs and this deficiency was investigated by measuring fibre length, viscosity, and molecular weight of the matrices. Compared to other lignocellulosic fibres, the use of MDF fibres led to a molecular weight reduction of biopolyesters during processing. This effect was particularly striking for PLA. The addition of a chain extender enhanced the molecular weight of PLA and improved its processability. The tensile strength increase was correlated to a reduction of fibre pull-out, enabling the MDF fibre to fulfil its expected reinforcement role within the biopolyester composite.

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“…Other studies have also reported the deterioration of the mechanical properties of WPCs when the content of the isocyanate‐based compatibilizer exceeded a certain value . The formation of an interfacial layer from the reaction of the excess isocyanate groups was proposed to explain the result . This current study was intended as an initial assessment of composite extrusion with pMDI coupling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…A model has been developed by Pukanszky and used in the WPCs field to quantitatively express the reinforcing effect of the filler by correlating the tensile strength with the composition of filler . Owing to the increased interfacial surface area and the high probability of the presence of defects, the tensile strength often decreases with increasing wood filler content . The tensile strength of the composite can thus be expressed by the tensile strength of the composite and the volume fraction of the filler as follows:

σ = σ_{0} \frac{1 - ϕ}{1 + 2.5 ϕ} normalexp ((), normalB ϕ)

where σ and σ 0 are the tensile strengths of the composite and the matrix, respectively, ϕ is the volume fraction of wood in the composite, and B is a parameter that describes the interfacial interaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)/wood flour composites: Effect of interface modifiers

Chan

Vandi

Pratt

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A fully biodegradable and biobased wood plastic composite based on a microbial biopolyester matrix, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and a lignocellulosic filler, pine wood flour (WF), was manufactured using extrusion at industrystandard level of wood content. The effects of three compatibilization techniques on the mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. Techniques include silicone fiber treatment using Sigmacote, maleic anhydride (MA) grafting of PHBV matrix, and the addition of polymethylene diphenyl-diisocyanate (pMDI). Results showed that Sigmacote treatment resulted in a 20 AE 5% decrease in tensile strength of the composite. The use of MA-grafted PHBV, independent of content, enhanced slightly the composites tensile strength (5 AE 3%) and impact strength (10 AE 4%). The addition of 2 wt % of pMDI improved the tensile strength of the composite by 25 AE 6%, but the strength level returned to the original state when 4 wt % was added. Processing conditions had a more significant effect on the composite properties giving a 40 AE 5% reduction in tensile strength and 45 AE 6% in impact strength when a higher shear extrusion configuration was used. The modeling of the mechanical data suggested that PHBV/WF composites have achieved better interfacial interactions without compatibilization when compared to other composite systems.

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Composites of Wood and Biodegradable Thermoplastics: A Review

Cited by 159 publications

References 207 publications

Effect of Lignin Plasticization on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Lignin/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites

Effect of Lignin Plasticization on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Lignin/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites

Processing and Properties of MDF Fibre-Reinforced Biopolyesters with Chain Extender Additives

Mechanical properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)/wood flour composites: Effect of interface modifiers

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