Composites of Palladium–Nickel Alloy Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide for the Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes with Malononitrile

Abstract

Herein, we have described uniformly dispersed palladium–nickel nanoparticles furnished on graphene oxide (GO-supported PdNi nanoparticles) as a powerful heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the promotion of Knoevenagel reaction between malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes under mild reaction conditions. The successful characterization of PdNi nanoparticles on the GO surface was shown by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and TEM. GO-supported PdNi nanoparticles, which are used as highly efficient, stable, and durable catalysts, were used for the first time for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The data obtained here showed that the GO-supported PdNi nanocatalyst had a unique catalytic activity and demonstrated that it could be reused five times without a significant decrease in the catalytic performance. The use of this nanocatalyst results in a very short reaction time under mild reaction conditions, high recyclability, excellent catalytic activity, and a straightforward work-up procedure for Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes.

Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Catalyzed Epoxidation of β-Cyanostyrenes

“…[19][20][21] White solid; yield: 1.34 g (8.69 mmol, 87%); mp 81-83 C (Lit. 14 19,20,23 White solid; yield: 1.57 g (8.12 mmol, 81%); mp 161-163 C (Lit. 14 22,23 Light yellow solid; yield: 1.41 g (8.38 mmol, 84%); mp 135-137 C (Lit.…”

Application of GO/COF as a novel, efficient and recoverable catalyst in the Knoevenagel reaction

“…Various solidsupported catalysts have been applied to this reaction. [31][32][33] However, to the best of our knowledge, the Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by GO/COF hybrid was not previously mentioned in the literature. In this work, we wish to report the utilization of GO/COF hybrid material as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction.…”

“…Conventionally, this reaction is catalyzed by weak bases like primary, secondary, and tertiary amines under homogeneous conditions, which could require high amount of catalyst with the attendant difficulties in recovery and recycling of catalyst. Various solid‐supported catalysts have been applied to this reaction . However, to the best of our knowledge, the Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by GO/COF hybrid was not previously mentioned in the literature.…”

Cellulose stabilized Fe3O4and carboxylate‐imidazole and Co‐based MOF growth as an exceptional catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction

“…[46] Various catalysts including Lewis acids, zeolites, and different amines have been utilized to catalyze the Knoevenagel reaction. [47][48][49] Recently, the various solidsupported heterogeneous catalysts have been applied to Knoevenagel reaction including Hf (IV) MOF, [50] metalcoordinated, resorcin [4]arene-based molecular trimer, [51] GO-supported PdNi nanoparticles, [52] Zn-based MOF, [53] amino-functionalized Zn/Cd-MOFs, [54] Cu (II)-based metal-organic macrocycle and framework, [55] covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [56] and Core-Shell MOF/ COF. [57] In the present work, Fe 3 O 4 /cellulose/Co-MOF was hydrothermally prepared and utilized as an efficient and cost-effective heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel reaction under solvent-free conditions.…”

“…Various catalysts including Lewis acids, zeolites, and different amines have been utilized to catalyze the Knoevenagel reaction . Recently, the various solid‐supported heterogeneous catalysts have been applied to Knoevenagel reaction including Hf (IV) MOF, metal‐coordinated, resorcin[4]arene‐based molecular trimer, GO‐supported PdNi nanoparticles, Zn‐based MOF, amino‐functionalized Zn/Cd‐MOFs, Cu (II)‐based metal–organic macrocycle and framework, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and Core‐Shell MOF/COF …”