Composites for bone repair: phosphate glass fibre reinforced PLA with varying fibre architecture

Abstract

Internal fixation for bone fractures with rigid metallic plates, screws and pins is a proven operative technique. However, refracture's have been observed after rigid internal fixation with metal plates and plate fixation has been known to cause localised osteopenia under and near the plate. In the present study, resorbable composites comprising a PLA matrix reinforced with iron doped phosphate glass fibres were investigated. Non-woven random mat laminates of approximately 30% and 45% fibre volume fraction (V(f)) were produced, along with unidirectional and 0°-90° samples of approximately 20% V(f). The non-woven composite laminates achieved maximum values of 10 GPa modulus and 120 MPa strength. The 0-90º samples showed unexpectedly low strengths close to matrix value (~50 MPa) although with a modulus of 7 GPa. The UD specimens exhibited values of 130 MPa and 11.5 GPa for strength and modulus respectively. All the modulus values observed were close to that expected from the rule of mixtures. Samples immersed in deionised water at 37°C revealed rapid mechanical property loss, more so for the UD and 0-90º samples. It was suggested that continuous fibres wicked the degradation media into the composite plates which sped up the deterioration of the fibre-matrix interface. The effect was less pronounced in the non-woven random mat laminates due to the discontinuous arrangement of fibres within the composite, making it less prone to wicking. Random mat composites revealed a higher mass loss than the UD and 0°-90° specimens, it was suggested this was due to the higher fibre volume fractions of these composites and SEM studies revealed voidage around the fibres by day 3. Studies of pH of the degradation media showed similar profiles for all the composites investigated. An initial decrease in pH was attributed to the release of phosphate ions into solution followed by a gradual return back to neutral.

Initial mechanical properties of phosphate-glass fibre-reinforced rods for use as resorbable intramedullary nails

“…The number average length obtained for the extracted fibres from the bars and rods were *1.5 and 1.2 mm, respectively. The average length of the fibres within the P50 RM rods was higher than the critical fibre length (around 0.7 mm [52]) therefore, some fibre reinforcement effect should have been conferred. It was found that the mechanical properties for discontinuous fibre reinforced composites increase as fibre length increases [53][54][55].…”

“…7,8). Given the relative similarity of the two distributions it would appear that the majority of damage was caused during the initial random mat fabrication process and composite pressing, though there was also an Ahmed et al [52] reported that the fibre length within random mat (RM) composites produced had decreased from 10-mm (initial length) to *3 mm due to collision damage with the stirring impeller blade during the dispersion process. The number average length obtained for the extracted fibres from the bars and rods were *1.5 and 1.2 mm, respectively.…”

“…It was found that the mechanical properties for discontinuous fibre reinforced composites increase as fibre length increases [53][54][55]. Ahmed et al [52] investigated the flexural properties for P50 RM (v f = 30%) and P50 UD (v f = 23.5%) composite plates. The reported flexural properties by Ahmed et al [52] were lower than those obtained in the present study.…”

“…Ahmed et al [52] investigated the flexural properties for P50 RM (v f = 30%) and P50 UD (v f = 23.5%) composite plates. The reported flexural properties by Ahmed et al [52] were lower than those obtained in the present study. The flexural strengths were 105 and 129 MPa and the moduli were 8.4 and 11.5 GPa for RM and UD composites, respectively.…”

Bioresorbable glass effect on the physico-chemical properties of bilayered scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration

“…The potential advantages of glass/polymer composite scaffolds for regenerative medicine have been widely emphasized in the recent literature [8][9][10] In this work, innovative bilayered sponge-like scaffolds, based on a bioresorbable phosphate glass and a glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane-crosslinked network of gelatin (G) were studied in order to investigate their potential for osteochondral tissue regeneration. The proposed matrices represent a new category of bilayered scaffolds, that could be easily obtained by a single step procedure.…”