Composites Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Ion Sensing (Review)

Abstract

Current review signifies recent trends and challenges in the development of electrochemical sensors based on organic conducting polymers (OCPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their composites for the determination of trace heavy metal ions in water are reviewed. OCPs and CNTs have some suitable properties, such as good electrical, mechanical, chemical and structural properties as well as environmental stability, etc. However, some of these materials still have significant limitations toward selective and sensitive detection of trace heavy metal ions. To overcome the limitations of these individual materials, OCPs/CNTs composites were developed. Application of OCPs/CNTs composite and their novel properties for the adsorption and detection of heavy metal ions outlined and discussed in this review.

Hybrid Materials Based on MF-4SC Membranes and Carbon Nanotubes: Transport Properties and Characteristics of DP-sensors in Hydrophobic Amino Acid Solutions

“…The number of water molecules per sulfo group of the unmodified (IEC = 0.75 mg-equiv/g) and hybrid membranes was calculated by the formula (4) where is the weight fraction of H 2 O in the membrane (%), 18 g/mol is the molar mass of H 2 O, and IEC HM is the IEC calculated per weight of the dry membrane (mg-equiv/g).…”

“…A promising application of the membrane science is the synthesis of sensor systems based on modified ion-exchange materials, particularly, hybrid membranes [1]. In potentiometric sensors, these materials solve the problem of low adhesion of the sensitive layer to the electrode surface and act as ion-electron converters [2,3]; in voltammetric sensors, these materials decrease the overpotential of the electrode reaction and increase the selectivity and electrocatalytic activity with respect to the analyte [4,5]. In addition, hybrid materials can increase the analyte sorption on the electrode or hinder the sorption of compounds that poison the electrode material.…”

Optical Fiber Refractometer Based Metal Ion Sensors

“…Commonly used to deposit polymer nano fibers or nano particles on a substrate, electrospinning and electrospraying are both electrohydrodynamic processes which can be used to deposit thin layers of conducting polymers onto optical fiber surface. Some of these polymers such as polyacetylene and polypyrrole interacts with metal ions and results in a change in material optical properties [64]. The electrospinning process can also be modified to deposit nano structured materials, allowing more design freedom of coating material.…”

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes-Polyaniline(CNT-PANI)Composites and Preliminary Electrochemical Characterization of CNT-PANI Coatings

“…These techniques also have disadvantages: sophisticated tools, high maintenance costs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sensory, sensitive, selective, portable platform for heavy metals [1].…”

“…Also, conductive polymers such as polyaniline [4,5] polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenols have been extensively studied due to their unique physical, chemical, and electrical properties: good processability, environmental stability, low cost, easily synthesized, charge transfer ability, adaptation of properties by doping, etc. [1]. Among these, PANI is one of the most important polymers, due to its stability and electrical conductivity.…”