Composite scores for concurrent behaviours constructed using canonical discriminant analysis

Kramer, Matthew; Weldon, Paul J.; Carroll, J. F.

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.011

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Compounds were dissolved in 0.05 M acetone solutions for feeding membrane tests with mosquitoes and 0.1 M solutions for assays with ticks; acetone alone served as a control. A previous study indicated that the chemical concentrations used in our tests were appropriate to distinguish the effects of different compounds (Kramer et al, 2009); the concentrations of compounds deposited on anointing animals are unknown, but they will vary with the materials used, the duration of anointing, and other factors.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arthropods Ticks from a colony at the USDA, ARS, Knipling-Bushland U. S. Livestock Insects Laboratory, Kerrville, Texas, were maintained as described by Carroll et al (2005) and Kramer et al (2009). At the time of testing, ticks had been in the nymphal stage for 2-6 months.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ticks were scored for their latencies to cross the 2 cm (Q2), 3 cm (Q3), and 6 cm marks (Q6) on the strip; the number of times they backcrossed and recrossed the 2 cm mark (Qbc); and their latencies to drop off the strip (Qld). In our coding system, Q indicates that a variable is quantitative; all variables described above are quantitative (see Kramer et al, 2009 for details). Most quantitative variables are associated with an indicator variable, 1 if the behavior was performed, and 0 otherwise (in our coding system 'Q' is replaced by 'I' to denote these indicator variables).…”

Section: Bioassays With Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Statistical Methods Data were analyzed as described by Kramer et al (2009). The basic idea was to use the behavioral differences observed as animals are tested on different compounds to find optimal weightings of these behaviors (i.e., that best discriminate among the compounds) using canonical discriminant analysis.…”

Section: Bioassays With Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avoidance Test We investigated repellency by exploiting the tendency of ticks to climb, a key host-seeking behavior, inducing them to crawl onto a chemically treated zone on paper strips (Kramer et al, 2009). Ticks were tested on 1× 8 cm strips of recycled bond paper marked at 1-6 cm intervals.…”

Section: Bioassays With Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anointing Chemicals and Hematophagous Arthropods: Responses by Ticks and Mosquitoes to Citrus (Rutaceae) Peel Exudates and Monoterpene Components

et al. 2011

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Some birds and mammals roll on or wipe themselves with the fruits or leaves of Citrus spp. or other Rutaceae. These anointing behaviors, as with anointing in general, are thought to function in the topical acquisition of chemicals that deter consumers, including hematophagous arthropods. We measured avoidance and other responses by nymphal lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) and adult female yellow fever mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) to lemon peel exudate and to 24 volatile monoterpenes (racemates and isomers), including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, acetates, ketones, and oxides, present in citrus fruits and leaves in order to examine their potential as arthropod deterrents. Ticks allowed to crawl up vertically suspended paper strips onto a chemically treated zone avoided the peel exudate and geraniol, citronellol, citral, carveol, geranyl acetate, α-terpineol, citronellyl acetate, and carvone. Ticks confined in chemically treated paper packets subsequently were impaired in climbing and other behaviors following exposure to the peel exudate and, of the compounds tested, most impaired to carveol. Mosquitoes confined in chambers with chemically treated feeding membranes landed and fed less, and flew more, when exposed to the peel exudate than to controls, and when exposed to aldehydes, oxides, or alcohols versus most hydrocarbons or controls. However, attraction by mosquitoes in an olfactometer was not inhibited by either lemon peel exudate or most of the compounds we tested. Our results support the notion that anointing by vertebrates with citrus-derived chemicals deters ticks. We suggest that some topically applied compounds are converted into more potent arthropod deterrents when oxidized on the integument of anointed animals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bioassays With Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bioassays With Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bioassays With Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anointing Chemicals and Hematophagous Arthropods: Responses by Ticks and Mosquitoes to Citrus (Rutaceae) Peel Exudates and Monoterpene Components

et al. 2011

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Behavioral variation in prey odor responses in northern pine snake neonates and adults

2015

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Intraguild Predation or Spatial Separation? The efficacy and Interactions of Two Natural Enemy Species for the Biological Control of Pear Psyllid (Cacopsylla pyri)

Reeves,

Fountain,

Garratt

et al. 2024

J Insect Behav

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Pear psyllid (Cacopsylla pyri) is a persistent pest to the pear industry; with an estimated cost of £5 million per annum in the UK alone. This phloem feeding insect is resistant to a large proportion of approved pesticides, necessitating the use of alternative control strategies. Many pear growers practice integrated pest management (IPM) of pear psyllid, focusing on maximizing natural enemy populations, whilst minimizing the use of agrochemical sprays. The anthocorid Anthocoris nemoralis and the European earwig Forficula auricularia are particularly effective at controlling pear psyllid populations during the summer months. Despite the effectiveness of both natural enemies, there is a lack of understanding on whether both species should be promoted together or separately, due to the risk of intraguild predation (IGP) or interference competition. Furthermore, abiotic factors including temperature may influence both behaviors, altering activity level and niche overlap. Although IGP and interference competition have been documented between multiple species of natural enemies neither have been studied between these two specific predators. Using microcosm experiments, olfactometer assays and survival analyses this study demonstrated whether A. nemoralis and F. auricularia can be used in synchrony to control pear psyllid. Results indicated that IGP is present; F. auricularia will consume A. nemoralis when predators are not spatially separate and in absence of psyllid prey. There was no evidence for interference competition, although both predators consumed more prey at higher temperatures. This confirms that pear growers can encourage both predators for the control of pear psyllid without losing predation efficacy.

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Composite scores for concurrent behaviours constructed using canonical discriminant analysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

Anointing Chemicals and Hematophagous Arthropods: Responses by Ticks and Mosquitoes to Citrus (Rutaceae) Peel Exudates and Monoterpene Components

Anointing Chemicals and Hematophagous Arthropods: Responses by Ticks and Mosquitoes to Citrus (Rutaceae) Peel Exudates and Monoterpene Components

Behavioral variation in prey odor responses in northern pine snake neonates and adults

Intraguild Predation or Spatial Separation? The efficacy and Interactions of Two Natural Enemy Species for the Biological Control of Pear Psyllid (Cacopsylla pyri)

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