Composite PLGA–Nanobioceramic Coating on Moxifloxacin-Loaded Akermanite 3D Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Silica-based ceramics doped with calcium and magnesium have been proposed as suitable materials for scaffold fabrication. Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) has attracted interest for bone regeneration due to its controllable biodegradation rate, improved mechanical properties, and high apatite-forming ability. Despite the profound advantages, ceramic scaffolds provide weak fracture resistance. The use of synthetic biopolymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as coating materials improves the mechanical performance of ceramic scaffolds and tailors their degradation rate. Moxifloxacin (MOX) is an antibiotic with antimicrobial activity against numerous aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In this study, silica-based nanoparticles (NPs) enriched with calcium and magnesium, as well as copper and strontium ions that induce angiogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively, were incorporated into the PLGA coating. The aim was to produce composite akermanite/PLGA/NPs/MOX-loaded scaffolds through the foam replica technique combined with the sol–gel method to improve the overall effectiveness towards bone regeneration. The structural and physicochemical characterizations were evaluated. Their mechanical properties, apatite forming ability, degradation, pharmacokinetics, and hemocompatibility were also investigated. The addition of NPs improved the compressive strength, hemocompatibility, and in vitro degradation of the composite scaffolds, resulting in them keeping a 3D porous structure and a more prolonged release profile of MOX that makes them promising for bone regeneration applications.

Harnessing Natural Polymers for Nano-Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Comprehensive Overview of Bone Disease Treatment

“…The mechanism of osteogenesis (Mg and Ca) and angiogenesis (Cu) is stimulated by certain metal ions, which are also required for the synthesis of enzymes; hence, they promote the development of bone. Because of their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial qualities, the use of various types of metal ions, like silver, copper and zinc, results in additional therapeutic benefits [134]. Covalent bonds can be established between organic and inorganic constituents, resulting in the generation of composite materials.…”

Polymeric Theragnostic Nanoplatforms for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Yet, owing to their weak fracture resistance, ceramics, when combined with polymeric moieties, can surpass the limitations of low biodegradation rates, weak mechanical properties, and decreased apatite-forming capacity. Akermanite-supplemented ions, such as calcium and magnesium, as well as copper and strontium ions, were doped into PLGA-moxifloxacin scaffolds to induce angiogenesis and osteogenesis and improve bone repair [90]. PLGA nanoparticles laden with human parathyroid hormones were experimentally prepared by a modified double emulsion-solvent diffusion-evaporation method and integrated into porous freeze-dried chitosan-gelatin matrices to assess their cytocompatibility on clonal human osteoblast cells.…”

Electrospun Core–Sheath Nanofibers with a Cellulose Acetate Coating for the Synergistic Release of Zinc Ion and Drugs

“…Recently, a considerable number of interests are focused on functional materials capable of codelivering bioactive substances, leading to a synergistic effect in the treatment of various diseases. − These materials are commonly prepared using a blending method, such as hydrogels, micelles, nanoparticles, three-dimensional (3D) printing scaffolds, and electrospun nanofibers. − However, these materials with single structures often exhibit a monotonous release behavior and have significant limitations in precisely regulating the release behavior of bioactive substances . At the nanoscale, structural changes can easily lead to improvements in the macroscopic performance.…”