Composite Piezoelectric Resonator

Abstract

Various types of composite resonators and their uses are summarized. The general equations are given for the transducer for plane ultrasonic waves, consisting of a crystal assembly with back and front plates. Applications are made to several simple cases, and expressions are tabulated for the amplitude of vibration for various combinations of half- and quarter-wave components. Consideration is given to the effect of the acoustic load on the frequency for maximal amplitude. Theoretical formulas are compared with experimental results for rods of aluminum and fused quartz excited in vibration by piezoelectric crystals.

Recent progress in the performances of ultrastable quartz resonators and oscillators

“…Further works concerning electric oscillators are cited in reference [5] and well described in reference [6]. The first quartz oscillator was invented in 1921 [7]. In this section, we remind main information about some of the most common cuts.…”

Production and Applications of Synthetic Quartz

“…After that, in 1921, Walter G. Cady (USA) found that a quartz crystal shows a sharp resonance when changing the frequency of applied voltage to the natural frequency of it [1], and proposed to use such quartz resonators by incorporating them in an electric circuit of telegraphic communication (Figure 1), for the stabilization of the communication wave. The quartz oscillator was born thus.…”

“…The quartz oscillator was born thus. In 1923, George W. Pierce (USA) manufactured the so-called Pierce-type quartz resonator [2] by improving Cady's one [1], and this type of resonator came to be used widely in electric communication. The quartz resonator, which was invented by Cady, utilized the thickness longitudinal vibration of an X-cut plate (see Figure 2(b)).…”

Películas delgadas de Quantum Dots, tensioactivos y polímeros autoensamblados

“…El mecanismo de transducción de señal de la técnica de QCM se basa en el efecto piezoeléctrico de cristales de cuarzo, descubierto por primera vez en 1880 por los hermanos Curie, a través de un efecto de presión sobre cuarzo. 114 Posteriormente, Lord Rayleigh mostró que un cambio en la inercia de un cristal en vibración altera su frecuencia de resonancia, f. 115 La posterior mejora de la estabilidad del cristal, mediante el uso de resonadores eléctricos 116 y cristales con corte AT estables a temperatura ambiente, 117 permitieron avanzar en el desarrollo de la técnica. En 1959, la técnica de QCM fue utilizada por primera vez a modo de sensor cuando Sauerbrey describió una relación lineal entre el descenso de la frecuencia de resonancia de un cristal de cuarzo oscilante y la masa de metal depositado.…”