Composite Hydrogel Materials

Cryostructuring of Polymeric Systems. 55. Retrospective View on the More than 40 Years of Studies Performed in the A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds with Respect of the Cryostructuring Processes in Polymeric Systems

“…According to a mutually-known concept, the disperse fillers, with regard to their influence on the physico-chemical properties of the resulting polymeric composites (including the gel-type ones), are classified as “active” (reinforcing the materials), “inactive” (without pronounced influence), and “worsening” fillers (causing the weakening of the materials) [ 406 , 407 ]. Therefore, the effects induced by the various fillers that were entrapped in certain cryostructured polymer matrices are discussed below in view of this classification.…”

“…Some interesting peculiarities of the properties and the functionality have been found to be inherent in the gas-filled polymeric cryogels and cryostructurates [ 36 , 148 , 221 , 230 ]. Such materials can be prepared either by the mechanical foaming (e.g., by whipping) of the feed solutions followed by their cryogenic processing thus yielding the air-filled composites, mainly the PVA-cryogel-based ones ( 43 and 49 in Table 1 ), or by the chemical formation of the small bubbles as a result of the gas-emitting reactions with the participation of the respective substances incorporated in the system to be freeze–thaw structured [ 407 , 408 ]. The properties of similar composites depend, along with the cryogenic processing conditions, on the characteristics of the initial fluid foams, in particular, on the foam stability (the foam half-life) and the so-called “foaming capacity”—the ratio between the volume of the foamed system and initial volume of the polymer solution before the foaming procedure [ 221 ].…”

Physicochemical, Complexation and Catalytic Properties of Polyampholyte Cryogels

“…Molecularly imprinted polyampholyte (MIP) hydrogels and cryogels [43,44,45,46] are promising materials for biomedical applications [47,48,49]. Macroporous amphoteric polymers based on N -[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylate and MAA [46] and N , N -dimethylaminopropylacrylamide and allylamine (AA) [50] were used as a templates, adsorbents and carriers with respect to bovine serum albumin (BSA) [50] and lysozyme [46].…”

Preparation and Characterization of Organic‐Inorganic Composite Materials Based on Poly(acrylamide) Hydrogels and Clay Minerals

“…At present hybrid materials based on inorganic-organic compounds have attracted considerable interest in research and industrial spheres [1,2] . Composite polymer hydrogels consist of at least two components and exhibit a synergistic effect.…”

“…Composite polymer hydrogels consist of at least two components and exhibit a synergistic effect. According to the canons of the thermodynamic compatibility of polymers there are many possible structures of composite hydrogels starting from complete phase separation of polymer phases and ending by formation of structures where both polymer phases are continuous [2] . The nature of interaction between the components can have covalent, ionic and donor-acceptor character, be stabilized by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, entanglement of macromolecular chains producing interpenetrating and semi-interpenetrating polymer networks [3,4] .…”