Components of the AIN-93 Diets as Improvements in the AIN-76A Diet

Reeves, Philip G.

doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.838s

Cited by 1,161 publications

(847 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The animals fed the diet containing 9% protein have no excess and the transient increase in hepatic SDH activity may be suppressed in the group fed the diet containing 9% protein in order to conserve threonine. However, it is also possible to interpret this result as suggesting that the diet containing 18% protein as recommended by the AIN [18] is providing an excess of protein during the early stages of gestation and the enzyme is induced to deal with this. In the absence of nitrogen balance data we are unable to resolve these two possibilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of dietary protein on the amino acid supply and threonine metabolism in the pregnant rat

Rees¹,

Hay²,

Antipatis³

2006

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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-To characterise the effects of dietary protein content on threonine metabolism during pregnancy, rats were fed diets containing 18% or 9% protein and then killed at different stages of gestation. Serum threonine concentrations fell significantly faster in the animals fed the diet containing 9% protein when compared to those fed the diet containing 18% protein. On day 4 of gestation the rate of threonine oxidation was higher in maternal liver homogenates prepared from the animals fed the diet containing 18% protein. The rate of threonine oxidation by liver homogenates fell as gestation proceeded in both diet groups. The activity of threonine dehydrogenase in the maternal liver was unaffected by dietary protein content at all stages of gestation. Serine-threonine dehydratase activity in homogenates of the maternal liver was transiently increased during the early stages of gestation in the animals fed high protein diets but was unchanged in the low protein groups. There was an increase in serine-threonine dehydratase activity in the kidney during the later stages of gestation but this was unaffected by the protein content of the maternal diet. These data show that the changes in free threonine concentrations cannot be accounted for through changes in the oxidation rate and suggest that some other factor influences the unusual metabolism of this amino acid during gestation. threonine dehydratase / threonine dehydrogenase / protein metabolism / pregnancy / foetus / metabolic programming Abbreviations: SDH, serine/threonine dehydratase; TDH, threonine dehydrogenase; PCA, perchloric acid; TCA, trichloroacetic acid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of dietary protein on the amino acid supply and threonine metabolism in the pregnant rat

Rees¹,

Hay²,

Antipatis³

2006

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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“…Six-week-old male aP2-agouti transgenic mice and wild-type male littermates (n ¼ 12/group) from our colony were utilized. Six mice randomly selected from each group were killed to provide baseline data and the remaining six mice in each group were put on a modified AIN 93 G diet 15 with sucrose as the sole carbohydrate source and providing 64% of energy, and fat increased to 25% of energy with lard as previously described. 13,14 Mice were studied for 9 days, during which food intake and spillage were measured daily and body weight, fasting blood glucose and food consumption assessed weekly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary calcium regulates ROS production in aP2-agouti transgenic mice on high-fat/high-sucrose diets

Sun

Zemel

2006

Int J Obes

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Objective: We have previously demonstrated that 1a, 25(OH) 2 D 3 promotes adipocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We have now evaluated whether decreasing 1a, 25(OH) 2 D 3 levels by increasing dietary calcium will decrease oxidative stress in vivo. Methods: We fed low-calcium (0.4% Ca) and high-calcium (1.2% Ca from CaCO 3 ) obesity-promoting (high sucrose/high fat) diets to aP2-agouti transgenic mice and assessed regulation of ROS production in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Results: Mice on the high-calcium diet gained 50% of the body weight (P ¼ 0.04) and fat (Po0.001) as mice on the low-calcium diet (0.4% Ca). The high-calcium diet significantly reduced adipose intracellular ROS production by 64 and 18% (Po0.001) and inhibited adipose tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase expression by 49% (P ¼ 0.012) and 63% (P ¼ 0.05) in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respectively. Adipocyte intracellular calcium ([Ca 2 þ ]i) levels were suppressed in mice on the high-calcium diet by 73-80% (Po0.001). The high-calcium diet also induced 367 and 191% increases in adipose mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression (Po0.001) in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respectively. The pattern of UCP3 expression and indices of ROS production in skeletal muscle were consistent with those in adipose tissue. The high-calcium diet also suppressed 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11b-HSD) expression in visceral adipose tissue by 39% (P ¼ 0.034). 11b-HSD expression was markedly higher in visceral vs subcutaneous adipose tissue in mice on the low-calcium diet (P ¼ 0.034), whereas no difference was observed between the fat depots in mice on the high-calcium diet. Conclusion: These data support a potential role for dietary calcium in the regulation of obesity-induced oxidative stress.

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“…The combinations were cold packed in the chemically defined AIN-93M diet, and fed to male mice beginning at 12 months of age (Reeves 1997;Reeves et al 1993). There were three reasons for beginning the treatments at this age.…”

Section: Effects On Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifespan effects of simple and complex nutraceutical combinations fed isocalorically to mice

Spindler

Mote

Flegal

2013

AGE

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Present data suggest that the consumption of individual dietary supplements does not enhance the health or longevity of healthy rodents or humans. It might be argued that more complex combinations of such agents might extend lifespan or health-span by more closely mimicking the complexity of micronutrients in fruits and vegetables, which appear to extend health-span and longevity. To test this hypothesis we treated long-lived, male, F1 mice with published and commercial combinations of dietary supplements and natural product extracts, and determined their effects on lifespan and health-span. Nutraceutical, vitamin or mineral combinations reported to extend the lifespan or health-span of healthy or enfeebled rodents were tested, as were combinations of botanicals and nutraceuticals implicated in enhanced longevity by a longitudinal study of human aging. A cross-section of commercial nutraceutical combinations sold as potential health enhancers also were tested, including Bone Restore®, Juvenon®, Life Extension Mix®, Ortho Core®, Ortho Mind®, Super K w k2®, and Ultra K2®. A more complex mixture of vitamins, minerals, botanical extracts and other nutraceuticals was compounded and tested. No significant increase in murine lifespan was found for any supplement mixture. Our diverse supplement mixture significantly decreased lifespan. Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis that simple or complex combinations of nutraceuticals, including antioxidants, are effective in delaying the onset or progress of the major causes of death in mice. The results are consistent with epidemiological studies suggesting that dietary supplements are not beneficial and even may be harmful for otherwise healthy individuals.

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Components of the AIN-93 Diets as Improvements in the AIN-76A Diet

Cited by 1,161 publications

References 21 publications

The effect of dietary protein on the amino acid supply and threonine metabolism in the pregnant rat

The effect of dietary protein on the amino acid supply and threonine metabolism in the pregnant rat

Dietary calcium regulates ROS production in aP2-agouti transgenic mice on high-fat/high-sucrose diets

Lifespan effects of simple and complex nutraceutical combinations fed isocalorically to mice

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