Complying with the framework convention for tobacco control: an application of the Abridged SimSmoke model to Israel

Levy, David T.; Abrams, David B.; Levy, Jeffrey; Rosen, Laura

doi:10.1186/s13584-016-0101-8

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Two countries (United States and Pakistan) accounted for most of this reduction with a one-step strengthening of the policy to best practice demonstrating the benefit of making this final change in populous countries. These results provide further evidence of the success of this policy implementation globally [46] and while there are numerous reasons of why warnings have been so successful, one of note is that the cost of warnings is paid by industry which is attractive to all governments [45]. It should also be noted that while a larger number of countries have achieved this level, the increased SADs is also due to an increase in the effect sizes applied to model for this policy for the periods after 2014 [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…There also were discrepancies between the text and the mathematical equations presented in the supplementary material [37] meaning we had to decide which adjustors to include in our analysis. We chose, as Levy had done in a previous study [45], to include a country level labour force adjustor in the P equation with the rationale that it reflected that smoke-free work site laws primarily influence the population who work indoors. We also chose to include a publicity adjuster in the equation for the O policy to reflect program uptake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For P and O policies, the effect sizes taken from HICs were adjusted by the level of urbanisation to reflect the ability of these policies to reach and influence the population [34,37]. Furthermore, for the P policy, a country level labour force adjustment was also included to reflect that smokefree work site laws primarily influence the population who work indoors [45]. Additionally, for P and E policies, the effect sizes were adjusted by a level of country compliance assessed by national experts who reported a value between 0 (minimum) and 10 (maximum) for compliance to smoke free laws and banning of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) [4].…”

Section: Collating Who Monitoring Data By Countrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global smoking-related deaths averted due to MPOWER policies implemented at the highest level between 2007 and 2020

Lyle,

Hendrie

2024

Global Health

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Background In response to the harm caused by tobacco use worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Assembly actioned the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005. To help countries meet their FCTC obligations, the WHO introduced in 2008 the MPOWER policy package and by 2020 the FCTC had been ratified by 182 parties. The package consists of six evidence-based demand reduction smoking cessation policies to assist countries to achieve best practice. We used published evaluation results and replicated the published model to estimate current policy achievement and demonstrate the impact and equity of the MPOWER policy package in reducing the global number of smokers and smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) between 2007 and 2020. Methods We replicated an evaluation model (the Abridged SimSmoke model) used previously for country impact assessments and validated our replicated reduction in SADs for policies between 2014 and 2016 against the published results. The replicated model was then applied to report on the country level SADs averted from achieving the highest level of implementation, that is best practice in MPOWER policies, between 2016 and 2020. The latest results were then combined with past published results to estimate the reduction in SADs since the commencement of the MPOWER policy package. Country level income status was used to investigate the equity in the uptake of MPOWER policies worldwide. Results Identical estimates for SADs in 41 out of 56 MPOWER policies implemented in 43 countries suggested good agreement in the model replication. The replicated model overestimated the reduction in SADs by 159,800 (1.5%) out of a total of 10.5 million SADs with three countries contributing to the majority of this replication discrepancy. Updated analysis estimated a reduction of 8.57 million smokers and 3.37 million SADs between 2016 and 2020. Between 2007 and 2020, 136 countries had adopted and maintained at least one MPOWER policy at the highest level which was associated with a reduction in 81.0 million smokers and 28.3 million SADs. Seventy five percent of this reduction was in middle income countries, 20% in high income and less than 5% in low income countries. Conclusions Considerable progress has been made by MPOWER policies to reduce the prevalence of smokers globally. However, there is inequality in the implementation and maintenance, reach and influence, and the number of SADs averted. Future research to modify the model could provide a more comprehensive evaluation of past and future progress in tobacco control policies, worldwide.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%