“…Changes in arterial blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline have been shown to be similar, whether or not laryngoscopy is followed by tracheal intubation [7]. These changes may be associated with detrimental physiological effects particularly in those with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease [25]. In the present study the increase in heart rate during laryngoscopy with the Macintosh blade of 23% (23 beat.min-I) is similar to that described in previous studies with this blade [2,7,21].…”