Complications of obesity

Abstract

Global obesity rates have increased exponentially in recent decades. People are becoming obese younger, morbid obesity is increasing and the full health implications are only beginning to be seen. This article discusses the latest epidemiological data on obesity in adults and children, and systemically reviews the complications associated with the condition.

Long-Term Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Obese Children During Integrated Weight–Loss Programme—A Double Blind Randomized Placebo–Controlled Trial

“…Till now, to the best of our knowledge, no studies were carried out in children or adolescents regarding the effects of vitamin D supplementation on body mass reduction during an organized lifestyle modification program. As we presented, adding a 1200 IU/day dose of vitamin D did not lead to higher changes in BMI (BMI centile) or fat mass as well as fat free mass changes in children aged [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. It needs to be stated that the results presented show that although there was a reduction in BMI in vitamin D group compared to placebo group (-0.46 ± 1.80 vs. 0.11 ±1.84) and BMI centiles also showed higher reduction in children supplemented with vitamin D (-4.28 ± 8.43 vs. -2.53 ±6.10) none of those results was statistically significant (p = 0.203 and p = 0.319 respectively).…”

“…Similarly the reduction in fat mass-assessed both using bioimpedance and DEXa was achieved, yet the differences between the groups were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our study ads substantial results to support the thesis on no effect of vitamin D supplementation on body weight reduction in children and adolescents with vitamin D insufficiency undergoing a weight management program.Nutrients 2020, 12, 1093 2 of 15 insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired tolerance of glucose, abnormal fasting plasma glucose, symptomatic diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders and cardiovascular disorders, namely arterial hypertension [4][5][6]. Obesity alone is responsible for a significant increase in the risk of mortality in general population with [7].…”

“…Moreover, a higher percentage of fat mass is associated with a lower blood concentration of vitamin D, which may, at least partially, result from its sequestration in adipose tissue [31]. Animal experiments with labelled vitamin D showed that this vitamin is accumulated in adipose tissue and slowly released to blood [32].Consequently, a vitamin D deficiency in obese children seems to be associated with a significant increase of risk of many metabolic disorders associated with obesity, such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired tolerance of glucose, abnormal fasting plasma glucose, symptomatic diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders and cardiovascular morbidity, namely arterial hypertension [5,6]. There is a number of observational studies which demonstrate the substantial role of vitamin D deficiency in developing metabolic syndrome and other complications of obesity [33][34][35].…”

“…Nutrients 2020, 12, 1093 2 of 15 insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired tolerance of glucose, abnormal fasting plasma glucose, symptomatic diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders and cardiovascular disorders, namely arterial hypertension [4][5][6]. Obesity alone is responsible for a significant increase in the risk of mortality in general population with [7].…”

“…Consequently, a vitamin D deficiency in obese children seems to be associated with a significant increase of risk of many metabolic disorders associated with obesity, such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired tolerance of glucose, abnormal fasting plasma glucose, symptomatic diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders and cardiovascular morbidity, namely arterial hypertension [5,6]. There is a number of observational studies which demonstrate the substantial role of vitamin D deficiency in developing metabolic syndrome and other complications of obesity [33][34][35].…”