Complications of Kidney in Severe Malaria

Siagian, Forman Erwin

doi:10.9734/ajrid/2022/v11i3218

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…These processes further amplified the host's inflammatory response and blocked microvessels, ultimately leading to a reduction or even cessation of blood flow to the kidneys. 16,17,18 The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for severe malaria can be seen in Table 1. 11 To evaluate prerenal or renal pathology, an early furosemide stress test was performed in response to the oligoanuria observed over the preceding six hours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Managing the Coinfection of Cerebral Malaria and Dengue in the Intensive Care Unit

Gunawan,

Suranadi,

Panji

et al. 2024

JAI b

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Background: Dengue and malaria are the two most common arthropod-borne illnesses, but cases of multiple infections are extremely uncommon. The mortality rate for individuals with dengue and malaria was higher than the death rate for those with malaria alone.Case: An intubated 53-year-old male was referred from a class B hospital because of severe malaria with suspected cerebral malaria, dengue fever (day-11), septic shock and acute kidney injury. His initial laboratory investigation showed increasing pattern of WBC, thrombocyte, anemia, peripheral blood smear normochromic normocytic erythrocyte, poikilocytosis (ovalocytes (+), teardrop cells (+)), normoblasts (+), presence of Plasmodium malariae trophozoite and schizont stage parasites, positive result of IgM and IgG anti dengue, increased liver function test, increased BUN and creatinine serum levels, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and normal result of blood gas analysis. On the sixth day of ICU admission, the patient gradually regained consciousness with appropriate responsiveness and showed clinical improvement. The patient was discharged after one month of hospital care with the last peripheral blood smear showing no parasites detected.Discussion: Mono-infection with malaria and dengue, two mosquito-borne diseases endemic to tropical and subtropical regions, often carries a high risk of fatality. The risk becomes even more pronounced when co-infection occurs. The early diagnosis and management in the ICU are crucial for cases of coinfection involving cerebral malaria and dengue. The primary focus is on both definitive and supportive therapies.Conclusion: The prognosis for coinfection of cerebral malaria and dengue is generally poor, but in this case, the patient showed improvement and was able to be discharged without any sequelae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Managing the Coinfection of Cerebral Malaria and Dengue in the Intensive Care Unit

Gunawan,

Suranadi,

Panji

et al. 2024

JAI b

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“…Plasmodium falciparum parasites have been reported to cause the most severe malaria, with the sub-Saharan Africa having the highest morbidity and mortality (Siagian, 2022). Malaria poses major health risk, huge economic and social burden on endemic countries (Duut & Alhassan, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stage -Specific Antimalarial Activity of Alkaloidal Fractions of the Avicennia africana P. Beauv. (Avicenniaceae) Leaf Extract

Ahmed,

Ackah-Armah,

Ghartey-Kwansah

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background The global call for malaria eradication rested on finding drugs that not only act against asexual but also sexual forms of the parasite. The drawbacks in disease control and prevention due to drug-resistant clones of the parasite piqued our interest in exploring for alternative antimalarial drugs from the mangrove resources. Aims This study evaluates the stage-specific anti-malarial and cytotoxic activities of the fractions of crude alkaloidal extracts from Avicennia africana leaves. Methods The crude and alkaloidal extracts (AAA and AAQ) from A. africana were fractionated using column chromatography and further analysed using GC-mass spectroscopy. The fractions were then tested for antimalarial activity against the trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocyte stages of chloroquine-sensitive strains of 3D7 P. falciparum using the SYBR Green 1 assay. The cytotoxic effects of the fractions were evaluated using the MTT-based assay. Results The fractions AAA1-AAA5 and AAQ1-AAQ5 produced promising trophozoitocidal activities with an IC50 value range of 0.399–45.690 µg/mL, with the artesunate (ref drug) yielding 0.09x103 µg/mL. The schizonticidal and gametocytocidal activities of selected fractions demonstrated high potency with IC50s of 0.622–18.820 µg/mL against artesunate (ref drugs) with 1.800x10-3 and 5.100x10-3 µg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of fractions produced CC50 that was higher than 100 µg/mL with negligible cytotoxicity on erythrocytes and SI that ranged from 2.189 to 280.899. The major compounds identified in fractions AAA1, AAQ1, and AAQ2 were 8-carbomoylquinoline, razoxane, and dexrazoxane, respectively. Conclusion The fractions exhibited promising trophozoitocidal, schizonticidal, and gametocytocidal effects with no significant cytotoxic effects on RBCs. Quinoline-based alkaloids and iron chelators in this plant are implicated as possible lead-compound transmission blockers of the parasite.

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Non-falciparum malaria infections in Uganda, does it matter? A review of the published literature

Ranjbar,

Tegegn Woldemariam

2024

Malar J

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Background Plasmodium falciparum is the dominant malaria species in the sub-Saharan Africa and the main cause of severe disease and death. Notwithstanding, severe malaria and death due to non-falciparum infections have been reported, but at much lower rates than P. falciparum infections. Following increasing use of molecular detection techniques in epidemiological studies, a higher prevalence of non-falciparum species has been reported in the region than previously thought. This article reviews the literature on the prevalence of non-falciparum malaria species in Uganda and the clinical figures of their severe diseases. It aims to elucidate the extent to which mono non-falciparum malaria infections in a highly malaria-endemic country contribute to malaria mortality and outline its policy implications on malaria case management. Methods The available English-language published peer-reviewed literature up to March 2024 was sought via PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used were severe malaria, AND P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale spp., mixed infections AND Uganda. The review encompassed 53 articles. Articles using molecular diagnosis methods were accounted for analysis. Results The literature reported a substantial prevalence of non-falciparum infections in Uganda. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. were the second and third most prevalent reported malaria species respectively after P. falciparum as dominant species. Non-falciparum malaria infections often occur as mixed infections rather than mono-infections. Besides, molecular diagnostics revealed that 21% of initially reported mono-infections of P. falciparum were, in fact, mixed infections. No article was found on the prevalence of severe malaria or case fatality rate due to mixed or non-falciparum infections. Conclusion A critical knowledge gap exists regarding the impact of mixed and non-falciparum species on severe malaria and death in Uganda. Robust evidence on prevalence, recurrent parasitaemia, and severe clinical manifestations of mixed and non-falciparum malaria infections is crucial for evidence-based and effective policymaking regarding malaria case management.

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Complications of Kidney in Severe Malaria

Cited by 3 publications

References 49 publications

Case Report: Managing the Coinfection of Cerebral Malaria and Dengue in the Intensive Care Unit

Case Report: Managing the Coinfection of Cerebral Malaria and Dengue in the Intensive Care Unit

Stage -Specific Antimalarial Activity of Alkaloidal Fractions of the Avicennia africana P. Beauv. (Avicenniaceae) Leaf Extract

Non-falciparum malaria infections in Uganda, does it matter? A review of the published literature

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