Complications of Cervical Selective Nerve Root Blocks Performed with Fluoroscopic Guidance

Particulate versus non-particulate steroids for lumbar transforaminal or interlaminar epidural steroid injections: an update

“…It was hypothesized that spinal cord infarction due to embolization of particulate steroids, needle-induced vasospasm, compression from an epidural hematoma or abscess and mechanical disruption of radiculomedullary arteries are possible mechanisms of spinal cord injury in patients undergoing cervical and lumbar epidural infiltrations [13][14][15]31]. Noteworthy, benzyl alcohol, which is added as a preservative in many commercially available preparations, has been reported to be neurotoxic.…”

“…Death as well as infarction of cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, cervical, and lumbar spinal cord have been reported after cervical and lumbar epidural injections, either by an interlaminar or transforaminal approach [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. In the literature, all 17 thoracolumbar spinal cord infarctions related to lumbosacral epidural steroid injection were associated with particulate steroids whereas no case of paraplegia was described after image-guided epidural injection of dexamethasone [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

“…The following corticosteroids were associated with ischemic stroke of the spinal cord or the posterior cerebral circulation after epidural spinal injections: triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone, methylprednisolone acetate, and prednisolone acetate [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. No patient in the literature suffered from an ischemic event after cervical or lumbosacral epidural imageguided injection of dexamethasone [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

“…No patient in the literature suffered from an ischemic event after cervical or lumbosacral epidural imageguided injection of dexamethasone [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Ultrasound Guidance for Interventional Pain Management of Lumbar Facet Joint Pain: An Anatomical and Clinical Study

“…Because of the cost and lack of radiation exposure, the use of ultrasound guidance has been considered more beneficial (11,12). The use of ultrasound in interventional pain management can also offer more advantages than that of conventional fluoroscopy (13,14). Furthermore, ultrasound guidance can be used in various types of nerve blocks.…”