Complications of Antibiotic Therapy and Introduction of Nanoantibiotics

Abstract

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons play a major role in therapy, preventing morbidity, mortality from odontogenic and non-odontogenic maxillofacial infections therefore, it is essential to have knowledge of current advancements in microbiological diagnosis and antibiotic therapy for odontogenic maxillofacial infections. Fortunately, we live in an era where antibiotics are readily available to prevent and treat against infections. The exact cause should be determined once the specific antibiotic is prescribed additionally, the empirical, definitive treatments, side effects, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents have to be considered.Nowadays, antimicrobial resistance which is spreading rapidly is of great concern, because it is common in hospitals where acquired infections can be perilous. This situation compels scientists to synthesize new antibiotics and treatment modalities. The reason of microbial resistance can be due to increased misuse of antibiotics in foods livestock, poultry and agriculture . " number of significant factors, such as organism identification, antibiotic sensitivity testing and host factor situations, should be taken into account in order to treat various infections effectively.Currently, investigations are ongoing to impede antibacterial resistance by nanoscience technology seeking new chemotherapeutic agents. Scientists focusing on microbiological investigations aim to invent novel nanoantibiotic agents with high efficiency, low toxicity and low percentage of resistance. In recent years, nanoantibiotics have been applied against infections intelligently. The average size, polydispersity and composition of generated nanomaterials can be controlled by various methods in order to make them appropriate for biomedical applications.

The influence of the fluid nature on femtosecond laser ablation properties of a SiO2/Si target and synthesis of ultrafine-grained Si nanoparticles

“…27 Si NPs have been widely used in biomedical elds due to their biocompatibility and great specic capacity for therapeutics loading. [28][29][30] Additionally, Si NPs due to their biodegradable characteristics can straightforwardly transform to orthosilicic acid Si(OH) 4 which is naturally excreted through urine from the body. 31,32 Since, a clean production technique is necessary, laser ablation in liquids can serve as a ligand-free technique to produce highly pure nanostructures.…”

Formation of Periodic Surface Structures by Multipulse Femtosecond Laser Processing of Au-Coated Ni in Various Fluids

“…Laser ablation can be employed for nanoparticle generation and surface structuring, both being useful in a variety of applications. − Femtosecond laser surface engineering via generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has been frequently studied. Based on the nature of the material (target) and characteristics of the laser beam, various micro- and nanostructures can be produced which modify the mechanical, optical, and chemical properties of the material surface.…”

Near-Infrared Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Au-Coated Ni: Effect of Organic Fluids and Water on Crater Morphology, Ablation Efficiency and Hydrodynamic Properties of NiAu Nanoparticles

“…Nanoparticle (NP) generation by laser ablation in liquids was first reported in 1987 [1]. Improvements in laser parameters allowed control of the size, morphology and composition of laser-synthesized nanoparticles [2][3][4], opening a variety of applications in medicine [5][6][7], photonics [8], electronics [9], energy conversion [10] and catalysis [11,12]. During pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), several processes (e.g., ionization of matter, plasma evolution, cavitation creation, bubble expansion and collapse, nanoparticle formation and secondary processes) occur sequentially or simultaneously [13,14].…”