Complexity of virus–vector interactions

Kramer, Laura D.

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.08.008

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Multiple dynamic factors influence arbovirus transmission including extrinsic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and land use, and intrinsic factors such as mosquito genetics and immunity. 5 Increasing temperatures accelerate virus replication in mosquitoes and, therefore, have generally been shown to decrease extrinsic incubation periods (EIPs) and increase overall competence. [6][7][8] Fluctuations in temperature and daily extremes may be particularly important and, consequently, experimental studies which have used constant, rather than cycling, temperatures might not accurately represent the influence of temperature on competence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Temperature and Mosquito Genetics Determine Transmissibility of Arboviruses by Aedes aegypti in Argentina

Ciota

Chin

Ehrbar

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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(L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) have a global distribution and are the primary vector of a number of mosquito-borne viruses responsible for epidemics throughout the Americas. As in much of South America, the threat from pathogens including dengue virus (DENV; Flaviviridae, ) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV; Togaviridae,) has increased in Argentina in recent years. The complexity of transmission cycles makes predicting the occurrence and intensity of arbovirus outbreaks difficult. To gain a better understanding of the risk of DENV and CHIKV in Argentina and the factors influencing this risk, we evaluated the role of population and temperature in the vector competence and vectorial capacity (VC) of from geographically and ecologically distinct locations. Our results demonstrate that intrinsic and extrinsic factors including mosquito population, viral species, and temperature significantly influence both vector competence and overall VC of in Argentina, yet also that the magnitude of these influences is highly variable. Specifically, results suggest that CHIKV competence is more dependent on mosquito genetics than is DENV competence, whereas temperature has a greater effect on DENV transmission. In addition, although there is an overall positive correlation between temperature and competence for both viruses, there are exceptions to this for individual virus-population combinations. Together, these data establish large variability in VC for these pathogens among distinct populations in Argentina and demonstrate that accurate assessment of arbovirus risk will require nuanced models that fully consider the complexity of interactions between virus, temperature, mosquito genetics, and hosts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Temperature and Mosquito Genetics Determine Transmissibility of Arboviruses by Aedes aegypti in Argentina

Ciota

Chin

Ehrbar

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…aegypti and Ae. albopictus, 28 suggesting the intriguing possibility that differences in EVE composition may play One critical factor underlying vector competence is the insect immune 51 system (Kramer, 2016;; Kramer & Ciota, 2015). However, the connection between 52 the mosquito immune system, tolerance to viral infection, and vector competence 53 at a genomic level is still unclear.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genetic diversity of 46 Aedes populations has resulted in differential competence for vectoring virus 47 (Bennett et al, 2002). Differences in the insect immune system are critical factors 48 in determining competence (Kramer, 2016;Kramer & Ciota, 2015) and recent 49 studies suggest that virus-derived sequences in the mosquito genome may 50 contribute to resistance (Kunitomi et al, submitted). Comparative genomics may 51 explain these differences in vector competence between Ae.…”

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confidence: 99%

The diversity, structure and function of heritable adaptive immunity sequences in the Aedes aegypti genome

Whitfield

Dolan

Kunitomi

et al. 2017

Preprint

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18The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a major vector for arboviruses including 19 dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus. Combating the spread of these viruses 20 requires a more complete understanding of the mosquito immune system. 21 Recent studies have implicated genomic endogenous viral elements (EVEs) 22 derived from non-retroviral RNA viruses in insect immunity. Because these 23 elements are inserted into repetitive regions of the mosquito genome, their large-24 scale structure and organization with respect to other genomic elements has 25 been difficult to resolve with short-read sequencing. To better define the origin, 26 diversity and biological role of EVEs, we employed single-molecule, real-time 27 sequencing technology to generate a high quality, long-read assembly of the Ae. 28 aegypti-derived Aag2 cell line genome. We leverage the quality and contiguity of 29 this assembly to characterize the diversity and genomic context of EVEs in the 30 genome of this important model system. We find that EVEs in the Aag2 genome 31 are acquired through recombination by LTR retrotransposons, and organize into 32 larger loci (>50kbp) characterized by high LTR density. These EVE containing 33 loci are associated with increased transcription factor binding sight density and 34 increased production of anti-genomic piRNAs. We also detected piRNA 35 processing corresponding to on-going viral infection. This global view of EVEs 36 and piRNA responses demonstrates the ubiquity and diversity of these heritable 37

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“…Humans and horses are incidental hosts and they do not play a role in the transmission cycle [1]. The interactions among flaviviruses, invertebrate vectors, and vertebrate hosts are complex, and increasing temperatures, such as could occur during climate change, affect virus transmission by mosquitos [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An RNA Thermometer Activity of the West Nile Virus Genomic 3′-Terminal Stem-Loop Element Modulates Viral Replication Efficiency during Host Switching

Meyer

Freier

Schmidt

et al. 2020

Viruses

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The 3′-terminal stem-loop (3′SL) of the RNA genome of the flavivirus West Nile (WNV) harbors, in its stem, one of the sequence elements that are required for genome cyclization. As cyclization is a prerequisite for the initiation of viral replication, the 3′SL was proposed to act as a replication silencer. The lower part of the 3′SL is metastable and confers a structural flexibility that may regulate the switch from the linear to the circular conformation of the viral RNA. In the human system, we previously demonstrated that a cellular RNA-binding protein, AUF1 p45, destabilizes the 3′SL, exposes the cyclization sequence, and thus promotes flaviviral genome cyclization and RNA replication. By investigating mutant RNAs with increased 3′SL stabilities, we showed the specific conformation of the metastable element to be a critical determinant of the helix-destabilizing RNA chaperone activity of AUF1 p45 and of the precision and efficiency of the AUF1 p45-supported initiation of RNA replication. Studies of stability-increasing mutant WNV replicons in human and mosquito cells revealed that the cultivation temperature considerably affected the replication efficiencies of the viral RNA variants and demonstrated the silencing effect of the 3′SL to be temperature dependent. Furthermore, we identified and characterized mosquito proteins displaying similar activities as AUF1 p45. However, as the RNA remodeling activities of the mosquito proteins were found to be considerably lower than those of the human protein, a potential cell protein-mediated destabilization of the 3′SL was suggested to be less efficient in mosquito cells. In summary, our data support a model in which the 3′SL acts as an RNA thermometer that modulates flavivirus replication during host switching.

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Complexity of virus–vector interactions

Cited by 40 publications

References 67 publications

Differential Effects of Temperature and Mosquito Genetics Determine Transmissibility of Arboviruses by Aedes aegypti in Argentina

Differential Effects of Temperature and Mosquito Genetics Determine Transmissibility of Arboviruses by Aedes aegypti in Argentina

The diversity, structure and function of heritable adaptive immunity sequences in the Aedes aegypti genome

An RNA Thermometer Activity of the West Nile Virus Genomic 3′-Terminal Stem-Loop Element Modulates Viral Replication Efficiency during Host Switching

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