The aim of the present study was the phenotypical analysis of early stages in macrophage (M phi) differentiation. For this purpose, we produced a panel of syngeneic rat hybridomas, which secreted antibodies (mAb) against M phi precursor antigens. As immunogens we used immortalized M phi precursors (P.J. M. Leenen et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1990, 20: 15). We screened the obtained mAb in the following in vitro models of M phi differentiation: (a) a panel of M phi cell lines ordered in a linear differentiated sequence; (b) immature and mature mononuclear phagocytes obtained from bone marrow (BM) culture; (c) a panel of M phi precursor hybrids, and (d) differentiated and control M phi precursor hybrid cells. Four mAb, ER-MP12, ER-MP20, ER-MP54 and ER-MP58, were selected. These mAb recognize antigens which disappear in the course of M phi differentiation. Next, we investigated whether these mAb also recognized M phi precursors in normal BM. For this purpose, ER-MP-positive and -negative BM fractions were isolated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Fractions were cultured in M phi-colony-stimulating factor-containing conditioned medium, and the resulting mature M phi progeny was quantified using the MTT assay. The present experiments indicate that ER-MP12 and ER-MP20 detect a subpopulation of BM M phi precursors, whereas ER-MP58 stains virtually all M phi precursors. Biochemical analysis of radioiodinated antigens revealed that these mAb recognize different molecules. ER-MP12 and ER-MP20 bound to single-chain (glyco)proteins of 140 kDa and 14 kDa, respectively. ER-MP54 precipitated multiple polypeptides, of which the major chains have an apparent molecular mass of 90, 80-85 and 70-75 kDa. Based on the molecular mass of the recognized antigens and the mAb specificities we conclude that ER-MP12, ER-MP54 and ER-MP58 recognize hitherto unknown antigens of murine M phi precursor cells. The antigen detected by ER-MP20 is most likely identical to Ly-6C.