Abstract:Introduction: Vesicovaginal fistulae (VVF) remain one of the most challenging problems in modern female urology. VVF are classified as simple and complex. Complex fistulae are fistulae of large size (greater than or equal to 3 cm in diameter); those recurring after prior attempts at closure; those associated with a history of prior radiation therapy or with malignancy; those occurring in a compromised operative field owing to poor healing or host characteristics and those involving the trigone, bladder neck an… Show more
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