Complex toxin profile of Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Adriatic sea revealed by LC–MS

Ciminiello, Patrizia; Dell’Aversano, Carmela; Fattorusso, Ernesto; Forino, Martino; Boschetti, L.; Rubini, Silva; Cangini, Monica; Pigozzi, Silvia; Poletti, Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.037

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Moreover, the Adriatic toxicological scenario appears to be in continuous evolution in terms of predominant species and, accordingly, of toxins production. Furthermore, farmed shellfish often present a complex toxin spectrum due to the occasional detection of ever new toxic molecules of unknown origin [16,105,106,107,108,109]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin Levels and Profiles in Microalgae from the North-Western Adriatic Sea—15 Years of Studies on Cultured Species

et al. 2012

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The Northern Adriatic Sea is the area of the Mediterranean Sea where eutrophication and episodes related to harmful algae have occurred most frequently since the 1970s. In this area, which is highly exploited for mollusk farming, the first occurrence of human intoxication due to shellfish consumption occurred in 1989, nearly 10 years later than other countries in Europe and worldwide that had faced similar problems. Until 1997, Adriatic mollusks had been found to be contaminated mostly by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins (i.e., okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) that, along with paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (i.e., saxitoxins), constitute the most common marine biotoxins. Only once, in 1994, a toxic outbreak was related to the occurrence of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the Adriatic coastal waters. Moreover, in the past 15 years, the Adriatic Sea has been characterized by the presence of toxic or potentially toxic algae, not highly widespread outside Europe, such as species producing yessotoxins (i.e., Protoceratium reticulatum, Gonyaulax spinifera and Lingulodinium polyedrum), recurrent blooms of the potentially ichthyotoxic species Fibrocapsa japonica and, recently, by blooms of palytoxin-like producing species of the Ostreopsis genus. This review is aimed at integrating monitoring data on toxin spectra and levels in mussels farmed along the coast of the Emilia-Romagna region with laboratory studies performed on the species involved in the production of those toxins; toxicity studies on toxic or potentially toxic species that have recently appeared in this area are also reviewed. Overall, reviewed data are related to: (i) the yessotoxins producing species P. reticulatum, G. spinifera and L. polyedrum, highlighting genetic and toxic characteristics; (ii) Adriatic strains of Alexandrium minutum, Alexandrium ostenfeldii and Prorocentrum lima whose toxic profiles are compared with those of strains of different geographic origins; (iii) F. japonica and Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxicity. Moreover, new data concerning domoic acid production by a Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata strain, toxicity investigations on a Prorocentrum cf. levis, and on presumably ichthyotoxic species, Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella cf. subsalsa, are also reported.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin Levels and Profiles in Microalgae from the North-Western Adriatic Sea—15 Years of Studies on Cultured Species

et al. 2012

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“…The PTX analogs produced by Dinophysis may be modified by metabolic activity within shellfish; for example PTX-2 can be modified to the corresponding seco-acid PTX-2sa (Lee et al, 1989;Suzuki et al, 1998;Ciminiello et al, 2010). Toxicological studies indicate that PTX are not diarrheagenic after oral administration to laboratory rodents, and hence are not true DST, but PTX-1 is hepatotoxic albeit at high acute concentrations (Terao et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

et al. 2016

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“…Spirolides were reported for the first time in the Mediterranean area in 2007 in mussels from the Italian coasts of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they were the main contributor to toxicity and shown a very complex profile, including 13-desmethyl SPX-C, 13,19-didesmethyl SPX-C, 27-hydroxy-13,19-didesmethyl SPX-C (unreported until then) and several new minor spirolides from which two of them (27-hydroxy-13-desmethyl SPX-C and 27-oxo-13,19-didesmethyl SPX-C) where isolated and structurally described [12,14,42]. In 2012, very high concentrations of PnTX-G and traces of PnTX-A were found, in mussels and clams from Ingril lagoon, in the SE of France (up to 600 μg PnTX-G /kg of shellfish tissue and 4.7 pg/cell of V. rugosum ) [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of Pinnatoxins and Spirolides in Shellfish and Passive Samplers from Catalonia (Spain) by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole and High-Resolution Hybrid Tandem Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2014

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Cyclic imines are lipophilic marine toxins that bioaccumulate in seafood. Their structure comprises a cyclic-imino moiety, responsible for acute neurotoxicity in mice. Cyclic imines have not been linked yet to human poisonings and are not regulated in Europe, although the European Food Safety Authority requires more data to perform a conclusive risk assessment for consumers. This work presents the first detection of pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) in Spain and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) in shellfish from Catalonia (Spain, NW Mediterranean Sea). Cyclic imines were found at low concentrations (2 to 60 µg/kg) in 13 samples of mussels and oysters (22 samples analyzed). Pinnatoxin G has been also detected in 17 seawater samples (out of 34) using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking devices (0.3 to 0.9 µg/kg-resin). Pinnatoxin G and SPX-1 were confirmed with both low and high resolution (<2 ppm) mass spectrometry by comparison of the response with that from reference standards. For other analogs without reference standards, we applied a strategy combining low resolution MS with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer for a fast and reliable screening, and high resolution MS LTQ Orbitrap® for unambiguous confirmation. The advantages and limitations of using high resolution MS without reference standards were discussed.

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Complex toxin profile of Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Adriatic sea revealed by LC–MS

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Toxin Levels and Profiles in Microalgae from the North-Western Adriatic Sea—15 Years of Studies on Cultured Species

Toxin Levels and Profiles in Microalgae from the North-Western Adriatic Sea—15 Years of Studies on Cultured Species

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

Confirmation of Pinnatoxins and Spirolides in Shellfish and Passive Samplers from Catalonia (Spain) by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole and High-Resolution Hybrid Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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