Complex Systems: A Communication Networks Perspective Towards 6G

Abstract

Over the last few years, the analysis and modeling of networks as well as the analysis and modeling of networked dynamical systems, has attracted considerable interdisciplinary interest, especially using the complex systems theory. These efforts are driven by the fact that systems, as diverse as genetic networks or the Internet can be effectively described as complex networks. Contrary, despite the unprecedented evolution of technology, basic issues and fundamental principles related to the structural and evolutionary properties of communication networks still remain largely unaddressed. The situation is even more complicated when we attempt to model the mobile communication networks and especially the 5th generation (5G) and eventually the forthcoming 6th generation (6G). In this work, we attempt to review basic models of complex networks from a communication networks perspective, focusing on their structural and evolutionary properties. Based on this review we aim to reveal the models of complex networks, that may apply when modeling the 5G and 6G mobile communication networks. Furthermore, we expect to encourage the collaboration between complex systems and networking theorists toward meeting the challenging demands of 5G networks and beyond. INDEX TERMS Complex systems, complex networks, networked complex system, 5G, 6G, wireless communications, wireless networks, mobile communication networks, modeling.

6G Ecosystem: Current Status and Future Perspective

“…These studies have anticipated the emergence of 6G networks by 2030 and have listed several interesting technologies, applications, and use cases that will benefit from the 6G networks [1][2][3][4][5]9,19,31]. The technologies such as AI, Intelligent surface, holographic radio, blockchain, three-dimensional connectivity, cell-less architecture, quantum computing, and wireless power transfer will revolutionize future networks [19,28,31,43]. Furthermore, the authors elaborated on the targets and features necessary to meet the requirements of the use cases.…”

“…For instance, interference avoidance, cell selection, channel estimation, etc. (iii) Distributed AI, where each network entity will be capable of running the AI algorithms in parallel, using the local data in a distributed manner before being sent to the centralized cloud [43,102].…”

“…When there is a power source used for the operation, i.e., in the active mode of operation it is explicitly termed as H-MIMO surface. However, in passive mode (no power source) it is majorly a reflecting surface that modifies and reflects the incident RF signal as a intelligent reflecting surface [70,43]. Now, let us consider the challenges associated with the Intelligent surfaces: (i) In a wireless communication system assisted by RIS, the surface should acquire enough CSI feedback from the transmitter and the receiver.…”

Evaluating the Mobility Impact on the Performance of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Over η – μ Fading Channels

“…In existing studies, the statistical models assume the static characteristic of wireless networks [4]. However, with the advent of communication technologies such as IoT, 5G, and 6G, the network characteristic is becoming increasingly dynamic and complex [5]- [7]. The existing statistical model cannot accurately model the environment's dynamics due to the nodes' mobility characteristics.…”

CoKnowEMe: An Edge Evaluation Scheme for QoS of IoMT Microservices in 6G Scenario

“…While the 5G systems will offer significant improvements, they will not be able to fulfill the demands of future emerging intelligent systems; 5G networks will not have the capacity to deliver a completely automated and intelligent network that provides everything as a service and a completely immersive experience [8]. For this reason, there is a growing interest in studying a new paradigm of wireless communication as the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence, expected to be implemented between 2027 and 2030 [8], as supported in a huge number of papers [8][9][10][11][12][13] where authors agree that the 6G networks will introduce a key enabler of intelligence, new technologies and network features. For further up-to-date details on very recent 6G studies, see Table 2.…”