Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating

Petersen, Max C.; Gallop, Molly R.; Ramos, Stephany Flores; Zarrinpar, Amir; Broussard, Josiane L.; Chondronikola, Maria; Chaix, Amandine; Klein, Samuel

doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2022

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 389 publications

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“…Time-restricted eating (TRE): This approach is the only IF subtype that does not place a strong emphasis on caloric restriction. 1 The fast's length and the eating window's timing are significant factors that could impact physiological outcomes. 15,16 Although there is heterogeneity between different TRE practices, with eating windows varying from as little as four hours 17,18 to as long as 12 hours 19,20 per day, the window duration most frequently reported in clinical studies is eight hours.…”

Section: Types Of Intermittent Fastingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Caloric Restriction on Body Weight and Metabolic Parameters in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Narrative Review

Abou Chaaya,

Dib El Jalbout,

Nasrallah

2023

Journal of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice

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Obesity and type 2 diabetes have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, including the Middle East and North Africa region. Intermittent fasting (IF) has been increasingly used to manage overweight/obesity and its metabolic complications. Physiologically, IF shifts the body's metabolism into ketosis (the metabolic switch) and induces cellular changes, which have a theoretical benefit over and above continuous caloric restriction (CCR). In this narrative overview of IF, the focus is on summarizing studies that compare IF to CCR in adults with overweight or obesity. The most commonly practiced types of IF (5:2, the alternate day fast, and the time-restricted eating) were included. Nine studies of 1-year duration or longer, with weight loss as the primary outcome, were summarized. The effect on body weight and improved metabolic parameters such as blood pressure, glycemic indicators, and lipid profile are described. Overall, IF was well tolerated and effective for weight loss in a manner comparable to CCR. The benefits were similar among adults with type 2 diabetes. There were no additional metabolic effects or benefits over and above CCR. However, more studies are needed to address specific details of IF, such as the type and timing of fasting and its application to different populations. In conclusion, IF is safe and beneficial for weight loss in adults with overweight/obesity with or without diabetes. It can be used as an alternative to CCR.

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Section: Types Of Intermittent Fastingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Caloric Restriction on Body Weight and Metabolic Parameters in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Narrative Review

Abou Chaaya,

Dib El Jalbout,

Nasrallah

2023

Journal of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice

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“…Circadian rhythmicity has been observed in numerous physiologic functions including sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, and hormonal release. This rhythmicity is governed by a core set of genes, known as "clock genes," that act as transcriptional and translational activators and repressors [24,25].…”

Section: T a B L E 1 Summary Of Relevant Trf Studies In Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finding balance: understanding the energetics of time‐restricted feeding in mice

Gallop

Tobin

Chaix

2022

Obesity

Self Cite

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Over the course of mammalian evolution, the ability to store energy likely conferred a survival advantage when food became scarce. A long-term increase in energy storage results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, two tightly regulated parameters that generally balance out to maintain a fairly stable body weight. Understanding the molecular determinants of this feat likely holds the key to new therapeutic development to manage obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), a dietary intervention that limits feeding to the active phase, can prevent and treat obesity and metabolic dysfunction in rodents fed a high-fat diet, likely by exerting effects on energetic balance. Even when body weight is lower in mice on active-phase TRF, food intake is generally isocaloric as compared with ad libitum fed controls. This discrepancy between body weight and energy intake led to the hypothesis that energy expenditure is increased during TRF. However, at present, there is no consensus in the literature as to how TRF affects energy expenditure and energy balance as a whole, and the mechanisms behind metabolic adaptation under TRF are unknown. This review examines our current understanding of energy balance on TRF in rodents and provides a framework for future studies to evaluate the energetics of TRF and its molecular determinants.

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“…Fasting elicits a series of adaptive changes, such as reducing basal metabolic rates, inducing lipolysis and ketogenesis, modulating hormone concentrations, and decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. [32][33][34][35] Correspondingly, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the benefits of fasting in preventing and/or resisting multiple diseases. [36][37][38][39] Here, we aim to provide a timely and comprehensive view of the multifaceted role of fasting in both physiological and pathological states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasting: From Physiology to Pathology

Tang

Huang

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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Overnutrition is a risk factor for various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Therefore, targeting overnutrition represents a simple but attractive strategy for the treatment of these increasing public health threats. Fasting as a dietary intervention for combating overnutrition has been extensively studied. Fasting has been practiced for millennia, but only recently have its roles in the molecular clock, gut microbiome, and tissue homeostasis and function emerged. Fasting can slow aging in most species and protect against various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. These centuried and unfading adventures and explorations suggest that fasting has the potential to delay aging and help prevent and treat diseases while minimizing side effects caused by chronic dietary interventions. In this review, recent animal and human studies concerning the role and underlying mechanism of fasting in physiology and pathology are summarized, the therapeutic potential of fasting is highlighted, and the combination of pharmacological intervention and fasting is discussed as a new treatment regimen for human diseases.

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Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating

Cited by 26 publications

References 389 publications

Effect of Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Caloric Restriction on Body Weight and Metabolic Parameters in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Narrative Review

Effect of Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Caloric Restriction on Body Weight and Metabolic Parameters in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Narrative Review

Finding balance: understanding the energetics of time‐restricted feeding in mice

Fasting: From Physiology to Pathology

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