Complex permittivity and anisotropy measurement of 3D-printed PLA at microwaves and millimeter-waves

Felício, João M.; Fernandes, Carlos A.; Costa, Jorge R.

doi:10.1109/icecom.2016.7843900

Cited by 64 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The first setup ( Phantom ) included the polymeric walls of the phantom, with a thickness of 1.2 mm. We assigned a dielectric constant of 2.5 and a loss tangent of 0.02 to represent the polymer, which was measured using the microstrip method proposed in Reference [ 67 ]. Figure 9 a (cross-sectional view in Figure 9 b) illustrates the model.…”

Section: Numerical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Anthropomorphic Phantom of the Axillary Region for Microwave Imaging Assessment

Savazzi

Abedi

Ištuk

et al. 2020

Sensors

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We produced an anatomically and dielectrically realistic phantom of the axillary region to enable the experimental assessment of Axillary Lymph Node (ALN) imaging using microwave imaging technology. We segmented a thoracic Computed Tomography (CT) scan and created a computer-aided designed file containing the anatomical configuration of the axillary region. The phantom comprises five 3D-printed parts representing the main tissues of interest of the axillary region for the purpose of microwave imaging: fat, muscle, bone, ALNs, and lung. The phantom allows the experimental assessment of multiple anatomical configurations, by including ALNs of different size, shape, and number in several locations. Except for the bone mimicking organ, which is made of solid conductive polymer, we 3D-printed cavities to represent the fat, muscle, ALN, and lung and filled them with appropriate tissue-mimicking liquids. Existing studies about complex permittivity of ALNs have reported limitations. To address these, we measured the complex permittivity of both human and animal lymph nodes using the standard open-ended coaxial-probe technique, over the 0.5 GHz–8.5 GHz frequency band, thus extending current knowledge on dielectric properties of ALNs. Lastly, we numerically evaluated the effect of the polymer which constitutes the cavities of the phantom and compared it to the realistic axillary region. The results showed a maximum difference of 7 dB at 4 GHz in the electric field magnitude coupled to the tissues and a maximum of 10 dB difference in the ALN response. Our results showed that the phantom is a good representation of the axillary region and a viable tool for pre-clinical assessment of microwave imaging technology.

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Section: Numerical Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Anthropomorphic Phantom of the Axillary Region for Microwave Imaging Assessment

Savazzi

Abedi

Ištuk

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…It is important to underline the orientation of the field because the layered deposition techniques typical of most of the 3D-printers can generate anisotropic effects on the e.m. properties of the printed samples. A uniaxial anisotropy factor of almost 7 % was measured for ′ at 40 GHz for polylactide (PLA) samples using the waveguide reflection method [19]. In the method presented here, the field is almost parallel to the deposition layers of the sample; thus, our results probe the direction along the layer deposition without significant mixing of the perpendicular component.…”

Section: Measurement System and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Finally, conclusions are given in Sec. 5, comparing the obtained results to those given by a standard waveguide transmission/reflection method and to other relevant scientific works [13], [18], [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Characterisation of dielectric 3D-printingmaterials at microwave frequencies

Alimenti

Torokhtii²,

Pompeo³

et al. 2020

ACTA IMEKO

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3D-printer materials are becoming increasingly appealing, especially for high frequency applications. As such, the electromagnetic characterisation of these materials is an important step in evaluating their applicability for new technological devices. We present a measurement method for complex permittivity evaluation based on a dielectric loaded resonator (DR). Comparing the quality factor Q of the DR with a disk-shaped sample placed on a DR base, with Q obtained when the sample is substituted with an air gap, allows a reliable determination of the loss tangent.

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“…The testing campaign is carried out with a PLA prototype of the dielectric lens, whose properties are in the order of ε r = 2.7 and tanδ = 0.01 according to [8] and [9]. In this case, both the lens and the bow-tie antenna are properly optimized to operate in the frequency band of interest for the new conditions.…”

Section: A Measurement Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D Printed Lens Antenna for 5G Applications

Ballesteros

Maestre

Santos

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting

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A switchable multi-antenna architecture for lensassisted beamsteering in the Ka-band region allocated for 5G communications (24-30 GHz) is proposed. The radiating elements are bow-tie antennas mounted with a 3D printed highpermittivity dielectric lens (εr = 10). A 5-element array is simulated showing switchable 30 • beam steering over a 120 • sector with 19 dB maximum gain. Single antenna measurements of a scaled prototype with a Polylactic Acid (PLA) lens (εr = 2.7) show gains around 11 dB, in agreement with projected performances.

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Complex permittivity and anisotropy measurement of 3D-printed PLA at microwaves and millimeter-waves

Cited by 64 publications

References 17 publications

Development of an Anthropomorphic Phantom of the Axillary Region for Microwave Imaging Assessment

Development of an Anthropomorphic Phantom of the Axillary Region for Microwave Imaging Assessment

Characterisation of dielectric 3D-printingmaterials at microwave frequencies

A 3D Printed Lens Antenna for 5G Applications

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