Complex Hydrides

Abstract

Complex hydrides are salt-like materials in which hydrogen is covalently bound to the central atoms, in this way a crystal structure consisting of so-called complex anions is formed. In general, complex hydrides have the chemical formula A x Me y H z . Compounds where position A is preferentially occupied by elements of the first and second groups of the periodic table and Me is occupied either by boron or aluminum are well known and have been intensively investigated. However, another possibility is that complex hydrides are built by transition metal cations. Complex metal hydrides have been known for more than 50 years, but for many years they were not considered for reversible hydrogen storage due to the high kinetic barriers of the decomposition requiring high temperatures. The situation changed in 1997 when Bogdanovi c and Schwickardi discovered that the kinetic barrier of the decomposition of the complex metal hydride, NaAlH 4 , can be lowered by the addition of Ti catalysts and that the material becomes reversible close to acceptable technical conditions [1]. They further showed not only that catalysts can enhance the kinetics of dehydrogenation but also that rehydrogenation under moderate conditions becomes feasible. This breakthrough induced the publication of a tremendous number of papers focusing on the synthesis and the properties of complex hydrides. The major goal is to understand the basic steps of dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation and the role of catalysts. Many complex metal hydrides have high hydrogen gravimetric storage capacities and some of them are commercially available. Some complex hydride systems, such as Mg 2 FeH 6 and Al(BH 4 ) 3 , have an extremely high volumetric hydrogen density of up to 150 kg m À3 . Compared to liquid hydrogen with a volumetric density of 70 kg m À3 , the amount of hydrogen in such metal hydrides is much higher. This makes complex transition metal hydrides interesting as potential storage materials.Handbook of Hydrogen Storage. Edited by Michael Hirscher

Development of Hydrogen Storage Tank Systems Based on Complex Metal Hydrides

“…Ammonia borane (NH 3 BH 3 , AB) has received considerable interest as a hydrogen storage material owing to its high hydrogen content (19.5 wt %) and the ability to release hydrogen at low temperatures. When in contact with water, ammonia borane releases hydrogen according to Equation (9), which is accelerated in acidic conditions and by the use of metal catalysts [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Some work has been reported for hydrolysis of other metal hydrides or complex metal hydrides, e.g., LiH, MgH 2 , CaH 2 , LiBH 4 , KBH 4 and LiAlH 4 [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ].…”

“…NaBH 4 can be recovered from NaBO 2 through ball milling using MgH 2 /Mg. Here, the small particle size and high surface area increase the yield of the reaction [ 53 , 112 , 115 ].…”

Spectroscopic Evidence for Atmospheric Stabilization of Aluminum Borohydride in Polydimethylsiloxane Grease

“…Aluminum borohydride (Al(BH 4 ) 3 ) is one class of borohydride complexes that continues to play a role in the exploration of lightweight hydrogen storage materials due to its high hydrogen content. 1 Current Department of Energy storage parameter targets for onboard hydrogen applications were recently lowered because of limitations posed by the current state-of-the-art of hydrogen storage media. 2 In order to surpass these limitations, materials with higher hydrogen contents are likely subjects of future research.…”