Complex formation of petroleum asphaltenes with Lewis acids

Dehydro coupling of aromatic nuclei by catalyst-oxidant systems: poly(p-phenylene)

“…Miscellaneous uses claimed for PPP include a filler in rubber stock to increase the heat and thermal aging resistance of the vulcanizate;315 a thin film optical shutter;316 and a model for petroleum asphaltenes, in their complexing behavior with titanium tetrachloride. 317 Polynitrophenylene has been claimed to be useful as a binder in 4.7-mm munitions.318 by Grignard coupling of p-dibromobenzene employing nickel chloride dipyridyl128 (Yamamoto method), or l,4-dichloro-2-butene129 (Taylor method) as promoters, by nickel(O) complex-catalyzed electropolymerization of p-dibromobenzene319 (Fauvarque method), and by thermal treatment of polymers obtained from radical polymerization of derivatives of 5,6-dihydroxy-l,3cyclohexadiene. 320 The latter route comprises a novel biotechnological approach to PPP, since the monomer is synthesized via oxidation of benzene with the genetically modified bacteria Pseudominium putida.…”