Complex epidemiology and zoonotic potential for Cryptosporidium suis in rural Madagascar

Bodager, Jonathan R.; Parsons, Michele B.; Wright, Patricia C.; Rasambainarivo, Fidisoa; Roellig, Dawn M.; Xiao, Lihua; Gillespie, Thomas R.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.013

Cited by 46 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…However, the identified Cryptosporidium species were all of the pig-specific species and while the zoonotic G. duodenalis Assemblage A was present, it was rare. Although, sporadic cases of C. suis and C. scrofarum are reported in humans (Xiao et al, 2002;Cama et al, 2003;Bodager et al, 2015), the contribution from organic pigs in this study to the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in humans is apparently of minor importance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 70%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Petersen

Wang

Katakam

et al. 2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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Highlights High Cryptosporidium and Giardia prevalence in organic pigs throughout the year  Piglets predominantly hosted C. suis, while older pigs mainly hosted C. scrofarum 2  The intensity of infection was >6 x higher for C. suis compared to C. scrofarum  Crypto/Giardia infected pigs excreted fewer oocysts compared to mono-infected pigs  Public health risk of Cryptosporidium/Giardia in Danish organic pigs seems negligible AbstractAlthough pigs are commonly infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, including potentially zoonotic species or genotypes, little is known about age-related infection levels, seasonal differences and genetic variation in naturally infected pigs raised in organic management systems. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess seasonal and agerelated variations in prevalence and infection intensity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, evaluate zoonotic potential and uncover correlations between species/genotypes, infection intensity and faecal consistency. Shedding of oocysts and cysts ((oo-)cysts) was monitored at quarterly intervals (September 2011 to June 2012) in piglets (n=152), starter pigs (n=234), fatteners (n=230) and sows (n=240) from three organic farms in Denmark. (Oo-)cysts were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy; and 56/75 subsamples from Cryptosporidium infected pigs were successfully analysed by PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the small subunit (SSU) 18S rRNA and hsp70 genes, while 13/67 Giardia subsamples were successfully analysed by amplification and partial sequencing of the 18S rRNA and the gdh genes. Altogether, Cryptosporidium or Giardia infections were observed in 40.9% (350/856) and 14.0% (120/856) of the pigs, respectively, including 8.2% (70/856) infected with both parasites. Prevalence, intensity of infections and presence of Cryptosporidium species varied significantly between age-groups; 53.3% piglets, 72.2% starter pigs, 40.4% fatteners and 2.9% sows were infected with Cryptosporidium, whereas 2.0% piglets, 27.4% starter pigs, 17.8% fatteners and 5.0% sows were infected with Giardia. The overall prevalence was stable throughout the year, except for dual-infections that were more prevalent in September and 3 December (p<0.05). The infection intensity was age-related for both parasites, and dualinfected pigs tended to excrete lower levels of oocysts compared to pigs harbouring only Cryptosporidium. Likewise, pigs infected with C. scrofarum excreted fewer oocysts (mean CPG: 54,848±194,508 CI: 9085-118,781) compared to pigs infected with C. suis (mean OPG: 351,035±351,035 CI: 67,117). No correlation between faecal consistency and (oo-)cyst excretion levels was observed.Of the successfully genotyped isolates, 38/56 (67.9%) were C. scrofarum and 18/56 (32.1%) were C. suis, while the livestock specific G. duodenalis Assemblage E was detected in 11/13 (84.6%) isolates and the potentially zoonotic Assemblage A was identified in 2/13 (15.4%)isolates. Piglets exclusively hosted C. suis, with one exception, while starter...

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mentioning

confidence: 70%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Petersen

Wang

Katakam

et al. 2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…Genotyping of Cryptosporidium species in Africa have identified at least 13 species and genotypes in humans including C. hominis , C. parvum , C. meleagridis, C. ubiquitum , C. viatorum , C. andersoni , C. bovis , C. canis , C. cuniculus , C. felis , C. muris , C. suis and C. xiaoi [23, 25, 26, 86, 97, 101, 102, 115, 139–142] (see Table 2). …”

Section: Cryptosporidium and Giardia Species Reported In Humans In Afmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other Cryptosporidium species including C. viatorum , C. canis , C. muris , C. felis , C. suis and C. xiaoi have been detected in immunocompromised individuals [23, 83, 139, 147] and C. andersoni , C. bovis , C. viatorum , C. canis , C. muris , C. felis and C. suis in immunocompetent individuals, particularly children [86, 95, 97, 103, 129, 141, 149, 153]. …”

Section: Cryptosporidium and Giardia Species Reported In Humans In Afmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Africa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia have been reported in several domesticated animal species including cattle, sheep, goats, farmed buffalo, horses, poultry (chicken and turkey), pigs, cultured tilapia (fish) and dogs [26, 84, 93, 94, 97, 111, 123, 170–173]. However, the majority of research has been conducted on cattle.…”

Section: Cryptosporidium and Giardia In Domesticated Animals In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cryptosporidium parvum, C. ryanae , C. bovis and C. andersoni are the most common species detected in cattle ( Bos taurus and Bos indicus ), although C. hominis , C. suis and Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype have also been reported [26, 84, 90, 95, 97, 110, 112, 113, 118, 174, 176, 177]. Younger calves had a higher occurrence of C. bovis and C. ryanae while C. parvum seems to be dominant in pre-weaned calves [85, 112].…”

Section: Cryptosporidium and Giardia In Domesticated Animals In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

2017

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving “One Health” initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.

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Filarial infections in lemurs: Evidence for a wide geographical distribution and low host specificity among lemur species

Kiene

Springer

Andriatsitohaina

et al. 2022

American J Primatol

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The relevance of emerging infectious diseases continues to grow worldwide as human activities increasingly extend into formerly remote natural areas. This is particularly noticeable on the island of Madagascar. As closest relatives to humans on the island, lemurs are of particular relevance as a potential origin of zoonotic pathogen spillover. Knowledge of pathogens circulating in lemur populations is, however, very poor. Particularly little is known about lemur hemoparasites. To infer host range, ecological and geographic spread of the recently described hemoparasitic nematode Lemurfilaria lemuris in northwestern Madagascar, a total of 942 individuals of two mouse lemur species (Microcebus murinus [n = 207] and Microcebus ravelobensis [n = 433]) and two rodent species (the endemic Eliurus myoxinus [n = 118] and the invasive Rattus rattus [n = 184]) were captured in two fragmented forest landscapes (Ankarafantsika National Park and Mariarano Classified Forest) in northwestern Madagascar for blood sample examination. No protozoan hemopar-asites were detected by microscopic blood smear screening. Microfilaria were present in 1.0% (2/207) of M. murinus and 2.1% (9/433) of M. ravelobensis blood samples but not in rodent samples. Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequences were identical to an unnamed Onchocercidae species previously described to infect a larger lemur species, Propithecus verreauxi, about 650 km further south. In contrast to expectations, L. lemuris was not detected. The finding of a pathogen in a distantly related host species, at a considerable geographic distance from the location of its original detection, instead of a microfilaria species previously described for one of the studied host species in the same region, illustrates our low level of knowledge of lemur hemoparasites, their host ranges, distribution, modes of transmission, and

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Complex epidemiology and zoonotic potential for Cryptosporidium suis in rural Madagascar

Cited by 46 publications

References 14 publications

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

Filarial infections in lemurs: Evidence for a wide geographical distribution and low host specificity among lemur species

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